Kinetic and potential energies
Kinetic
energy
mechanical system - energy
mechanical movement of this system.
Power
F, acting on a body at rest and causing
its movement does work, and change
moving body energy(dT)
increases by the amount spent
work dA.
T . e. dA
= dТ
Using
Newton's second law(F=mdV/dt)
and a number of other transformations we obtain
(5)
is the kinetic energy of a body of mass m,
moving at speed v.
Kinetic
energy depends only on mass and
body speed.
V
different inertial frames of reference,
moving relative to each other
the speed of the body, and hence its
kinetic energy will be different.
Thus, the kinetic energy depends on
choice of reference system.
Potential
energy
is the mechanical energy of a system of bodies,
determined by their relative position
and the nature of the forces of interaction between
them.
V
s-e interaction of bodies carried out
through force fields (fields of elastic,
gravitational forces), the work done
operating forces when moving
body does not depend on the trajectory of this
movement, but depends on
initial and final positions of the body.
Such fields are called potential,
and the forces acting in them conservative.
If the work done by force
depends on the trajectory of the body
from one point to another, then such a force
called dissipative(power
friction). body in potential
field of forces, has potential energy
P. The work of conservative forces at
elementary (infinitely small) change
system configuration is equal to the increment
potential energy, taken with a sign
minus: dA=
- dP
(6)
Work
dA
is the scalar product of the force F
on moving dr
and expression (6) can be written:
fdr=
-dP
(7)
At
calculating the potential energy of a body
in some particular position
consider equal to zero (choose zero
reference level), and the energy of the body in other
provisions are counted relative to
zero level.
Specific
the form of the function P depends on the nature
force field. For example, potential
energy of a body T,
elevated to a height h
above the Earth's surface, equal to (8)
where
height h
counted from the zero level, for
which P=0.
T.
j. the origin is chosen arbitrarily,
then the potential energy can be
negative meaning(kinetic
energy is always positive!).
If we take as zero the potential
the energy of a body lying on the surface
Earth, then the potential energy of the body,
located at the bottom of the mine (depth h‘
),
P= —mgh‘.
Potential
the energy of the system is a function
system state. It only depends
on system configuration and position
in relation to external bodies.
Complete
mechanical energy of the system
is equal to the sum of the kinetic and potential
energies:
E=T+P.
Safety requirements for commissioning
The ventilation commissioning program provides not only the procedure for carrying out the work on checking and the first start-up of the system, but also the safety requirements that the workers involved in these processes must adhere to.
Ignoring safety precautions can provoke:
- serious electric shock when working with ventilation parts that are not insulated from current;
- injury by moving fan blades and other moving parts in the system;
- heavy equipment falling on workers as a result of errors made during installation;
- falling from height;
- poisoning with harmful substances if the installation of equipment is carried out in hazardous industries;
- colds when working in rooms with a draft.
Please note that the company that implements the equipment is responsible for the occurrence of emergency situations in production. To prevent dangerous situations, personnel are prohibited from:
- enter the ventilation chamber in case of operation of the ventilation system;
- touch and be close to the rotating parts of the fan until it is fully installed;
- dismantle the ventilation grilles in the working condition of the fan;
- to clean the working equipment;
- work with electrical equipment without a special permit.
To minimize the risk of an emergency situation at work, workers undergo mandatory safety inspections:
- before the immediate start of work with ventilation equipment;
- in the process of performing work;
- before working at height using a ladder;
- before working with electrical equipment and electric tools;
- in case of emergency situations;
- upon completion of commissioning of ventilation equipment.
Commissioning is an important stage before the commissioning of the ventilation system, it allows you to identify serious problems at the initial stage and prevent equipment failure in the future.
Commissioning works are quite expensive, it is still better to entrust them to professionals. You should not refuse to work at all, otherwise in the future it may result in equipment breakdown and “lamentations” about a negligent company that made mistakes when installing equipment.
Commissioning program for electrical equipment
According to the PUE (clause 1.7.3, edition 7), the project provides for the “TN-S” grounding system (zero protective PE and zero working N conductors are separated throughout). In accordance with the requirements of VSN 012-88, all cables laid in the ground, as well as an external grounding device, are subject to intermediate acceptance with the preparation of an act for hidden work.
During the verification, the degree of their safety and reliability, compliance with the declared design characteristics is determined. Based on the results of the work, all identified shortcomings that impede the normal operation of the equipment are eliminated. Installation and commissioning are carried out by specialized organizations with which the enterprise concludes a business contract.
If the enterprise has trained engineering and technical personnel and the necessary instrumentation, then these works can be performed on their own.
Adjustment and comprehensive testing At this stage, the start-up is carried out, and the operation of the main and auxiliary equipment is also being adjusted. Further, a comprehensive load test is carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP and TS in the mode established by the Customer or provided for by the project. Mode maps are developed based on the readings of equipment under load during a comprehensive test. Based on the results of comprehensive testing, relevant acts are drawn up. Operational adjustment At this stage, the operating modes of the main and auxiliary equipment are worked out in terms of qualitative/quantitative indicators, and the optimal operating conditions for the equipment used are identified. After that, the test results are processed and analyzed, regime maps are compiled for the main and auxiliary equipment.
ITP commissioning
During the implementation of many projects, capital construction or reconstruction of buildings and structures is carried out with the installation of new equipment or specialized processes.
Such works include the installation of fire extinguishing systems, power supply, air conditioning, ventilation, fire alarms.
All of them require commissioning, for this, a commissioning program has been drawn up more and more often lately.
What is commissioning and why they are carried out According to SNiP, commissioning is a set of activities that are performed during the preparation for the implementation of integrated testing and individual testing of installed equipment.
This includes checking, testing and adjusting equipment to achieve design parameters.
General test run
The next step is the general launch and verification of all mounted installations, their performance. It takes place according to the schedule and program developed by the company.
Specialists begin to simultaneously turn on and monitor all installations. First of all, it is revealed how the operation of all ventilation systems corresponds to the planned design indicators. If the performance indicator of the installations does not converge with the design ones, an analysis is carried out in order to identify the causes of deviations in the ventilation operation, as well as to eliminate them. In addition to the main performance parameters of ventilation systems, commissioning specialists test alarms, various protection and control devices, and equipment automation. The last point is the product of measurements of the sound pressure level at certain calculated points.
Commissioning is the only stage of construction work that can thoroughly study and show how well the equipment is installed by the installers, how the productivity of this equipment converges between the designed and actual values. They help to identify defects, possible incorrect elements of their mounting and eliminate them, and it is best when they are carried out by the same organization that did the design and installation of the system.
Most tests cannot be performed without special instruments. The simplest are a thermometer and an anemometer. And it is also necessary to use a micromanometer or a differential pressure gauge of the ventilation range, pneumometric tubes, a barometer, a tachometer.
Note that in an ideal situation, ventilation commissioning should be carried out by the company that carried out the installation. This is due to the fact that commissioning is inextricably linked with the installation. But in some cases, it is allowed to perform work by a third party. For example, "LM-Stroy".
Full commissioning works are carried out when the system is fully assembled and, preferably, connected to power sources in a permanent manner.
At the same time, it is important that the air ducts are not covered with cladding. Otherwise, the commissioning of ventilation will require much more time, and the price will increase.
The requirements for commissioning are detailed in the SNiP "Internal sanitary systems". But in fact, only a few design and installation organizations adhere to these standards. Indeed, to perform all the work at the proper level, a high level of professional training of the adjuster, experience and many complex expensive devices are required.
Upon completion of the tests, the problems found are eliminated, passports of ventilation systems are compiled, containing all the essential parameters, and an act of readiness of the system for complex tests is signed. After that, the ventilation system can be considered fully operational.
Report on the commissioning of the heating substation
Rules for connecting a capital construction object to engineering networks, clause 1 of the Rules for determining and providing technical conditions for connecting a capital construction object to engineering networks, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 83 of February 13, 2006, a sample of an inspection report from the order tolerance).A document confirming the compliance of the constructed, reconstructed, repaired capital construction facility with the technical specifications, certified by representatives of organizations operating engineering and technical support networks (certificate of the fulfillment of technical conditions) (Art.
55 of the Town Planning Code). The act of delimitation of balance sheet ownership and operational responsibility of the parties (clauses 2.1.3, 2.1.5 PTE TE).
Commissioning works
The next stage in the adjustment of ventilation systems is considered to be direct commissioning.
Please note that in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation, all work must be carried out in strict accordance with SNiPs. This stage includes the following work:
- carrying out pre-launch tests separately for each node of the ventilation system;
- complex start-up of the entire system and identification of possible malfunctions.
Individual testing of each component includes testing of ventilation systems, as well as the operation of electronic equipment.
Please note that the system performance check is carried out at the moment when the ventilation is idling. The duration of ventilation in this mode should not be less than one hour.
After checking the operation of the system at idle, the adjustment work of individual equipment is carried out:
- checking the operation of the fans;
- the operation of the heat control system is checked, which will not allow the system to overheat;
- the uniformity of heating and cooling of ventilation equipment is checked;
- it is checked how the system works in the off state due to natural ventilation.
After checking each node in the hood, a technical passport is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of SNiP
After checking each individual node, a comprehensive testing of the system is carried out.
A comprehensive check of ventilation equipment continues for three days. All this time the system is switched on under the constant supervision of specialists.
At this stage of equipment testing, specialists:
- check the operability of the entire system and the compliance of the air intake and exhaust parameters with those indicated in the technical documentation;
- check the operability of protection, control and signaling systems in case of malfunctions in the node;
- the causes that may affect the incorrect operation of the system are identified, they are eliminated;
- the operation of the system is brought to the parameters and indicators specified in the technical documentation.
After a comprehensive check of the work, an acceptance committee is created, which receives at its disposal:
- technical documentation for ventilation;
- technical acts and passports drawn up in the course of an individual check of the equipment;
- factory passports for ventilation equipment, certificates confirming the admissibility of using the system.
At the final stage of commissioning, the acceptance committee draws up an act of putting the system into operation.
2. Responsibilities of the lead commissioning organization
3.2.1. Ensuring the implementation of its scope of commissioning work on
equipment in accordance with the agreed distribution of volumes between
involved adjusting organizations.
3.2.2. In addition to performing your scope of commissioning:
- distribution of adjustment work volumes (when compiling
coordination plan);
— coordination of actions of all participants of commissioning works: development
engineering support for commissioning, participation in the development and approval
combined schedule of construction, installation and commissioning works, development or
coordination of working and technical programs of commissioning works in
in accordance with the instructions in Appendix 3, participation in the formation of consolidated
commissioning unit brigades, including the allocation of a number of
node foremen;
— monitoring the results of commissioning by all
participants, participation in the work of acceptance committees;
– ensuring round-the-clock duty of leading specialists to provide
operational technical assistance during the start-up operations on the equipment;
- submission of questions and proposals for consideration by the launch headquarters,
relating to the organization and progress of construction, installation and commissioning;
– generalization together with co-executing organizations of the results
commissioning and, on their basis, prompt issuance to the customer, design
organizations and manufacturing plants (in a copy - to the relevant central departments)
proposals for improving technology, schemes, modes and structures
equipment and monitoring their implementation;
— summarizing the operating experience of similar equipment and issuing to the customer
proposals for implementation;
– development together with the customer of instructional and technical
documentation.
The head commissioning organization, together with the customer, bears the main
responsibility for the timing and quality of commissioning and commissioning
equipment into operation.
3.2.3. Instructions of the head commissioning organization in terms of technology and
commissioning deadlines are mandatory for all organizations participating in
equipment start-up.
3.2.4. The main form of activity of the head commissioning organization is
the conclusion by it of a single contract for the implementation of the entire complex
commissioning with the involvement of other commissioning organizations on the terms
subcontract.
3.2.5. Additional performance by the commissioning organization of functions
"head" is paid in accordance with the "Regulations on the relationship of organizations -
general contractors with subcontractors”, approved
Decree of the Gosstroy of the USSR and the State Planning Committee of the USSR dated 03.07.87, No. 132/109 and
agreement with the customer.
3.2.6. In the absence of a head commissioning organization, its functions in terms of
distribution, control and coordination of work is performed by the customer or - upon delivery
turnkey facility - general contractor.
We observe safety
In the course of checking, installing, configuring the system, it is imperative that all members of the team fulfill these basic requirements.
When designing, installing, we will need to comply with the requirements of these regulatory documents:
- Federal Law "On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities";
- Federal Law "On fire safety in the Russian Federation";
- Labor Code of the Russian Federation;
- rules, instructions on fire, labor protection and industrial safety.
- In working premises, automatic fire extinguishing devices and electric shock protection devices are required.
- For compliance with sanitary standards, technical rules and other requirements, the contractors are personally responsible.
- Supervision of the equipment, preparation of workplaces for the brigade is carried out by the service personnel of the organization where the installation of a gas fire extinguishing system is required.
- It is forbidden to test with voltage applied to the installations if people are near them.
- The workplace is completed with a dielectric mat, gloves, first aid kit, safety poster, fire extinguisher, grounding.
- When working in electrical installations, depending on the electrical voltage, the members of the team must have a discharge:
- over 1000 volts - group IV;
- below 1000 volts - group III.
- All team members have the necessary permits and certificates.
- Overalls should not have fluttering, bristling parts in order to avoid touching them with rotating mechanisms.
- When working at height (more than 1.3 meters), it is necessary to use special scaffolds, scaffolding, construction towers.
- All personnel in the work area, as well as on the construction site, put on a helmet with a chin strap, hair is removed under the helmet.
- Connect test leads only to grounded current-carrying cables.
- If there are third-party personnel at the work site, it is mandatory to acquaint them with safety precautions.
- In the event of an unforeseen situation or an accident at the facility, all work is immediately stopped, the team leaves the workplace until the cause of the accident and its consequences are clarified and eliminated.
On this, dear readers, the entire CPD program is considered completed.
If we observe safety measures and prepare well for work, fulfilling all the requirements before turning on the unit, we will forget what accidents and emergencies are at the facility.
Methodology and program for testing, etc.
VERIFICATION OF FULFILLMENT BY REQUIREMENTS TO THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ADMINISTRATOR 3.22.1. Method of verification4. PILOT OPERATION 4.1. PURPOSE OF TRIAL OPERATION 4.2. PILOT OPERATION METHODS 4.3. DURATION OF PILOT OPERATION 4.4.
VERIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL4.5. TROUBLESHOOTING PROCEDURE5. ACCEPTANCE TESTS5.1. PURPOSE OF ACCEPTANCE TESTING 5.2. DOCUMENTATION SUBMITTED FOR TESTS5.3. ACCEPTANCE TESTING PROGRAM 5.4. ACCEPTANCE TESTING PROCEDURE6.
ORGANIZATION OF WORK AND MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT7. REPORTING 7.1. VERIFICATION TESTS 7.2. PILOT OPERATION 7.3. ACCEPTANCE TESTSAPPENDIX 1 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1.
Sequence of testing Testing of the complex is carried out in three stages: • preliminary • trial operation; • acceptance 1.2.
Methodology and testing program
Log in with administrator access level.
Make sure that: • all actions are allowed for the “operator” access level; • the rights to change passwords and access rights for users in the system are granted; • the rights to switch to the system desktop are granted; • the rights to change the software (graphical system interface, adding new points, modifying parameters and default settings, value ranges for issuing warnings and alarms, etc.). 3.20. Checking the interaction of AWP components with System components via Ethernet network (TX, OE, RRP) 3.20.1
Attention General provisions The test is carried out in order to establish the operability of the Ethernet communication network with other components of the system. The check is considered positive if ARM1 (ARM2, ARM3) have a connection with all components of the system and data is received from these components.3.20.2
Boiler commissioning program
GOST 34.603-92, clause 2.1 of GOST 34.601-90, acceptance tests are carried out after preliminary tests and trial operation of the complex.
To plan the preliminary tests and trial operation of the complex, in accordance with the requirement of clause 2.14.16 of RD 50-34.
698-90, in this "Test Program and Method" the Program and Method of Preliminary Tests, the Program of Trial Operation, the Program and Method of Acceptance Tests have been developed.
Preliminary tests of the complex are carried out by the Contractor together with the Customer in accordance with the terms of the Contract for the supply, installation and commissioning after the Contractor informs the Customer about the readiness for preliminary tests, as well as after familiarization of the Customer's personnel with the operational documentation of the complex.
Building types
Drawing up instructions for the technical operation of the equipment is carried out jointly with the employees of the engineering and technical department of the Customer's company. After the elimination of all comments and defects according to the technological mode of operation of the main and auxiliary equipment, their tests to check the quality of adjustment work and compliance with regime cards are carried out again.
Registration of technical documentation This stage involves the preparation of a technical report in accordance with approved methods. This report is registered with the northwestern department of the Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision.
The necessary acceptance and delivery documentation is also drawn up. The timing of commissioning depends on various factors, including the configuration of the ITP.
As a rule, the time of the NDP ranges from 3 days to 2 weeks.
Methodology for commissioning, etc. sample
Verification of compliance with personnel requirements Check that the personnel operating and maintaining the complex have permission from the joint commission of the Customer and the Contractor to work independently from the complex.
Check with the personnel operating and maintaining the complex, knowledge of the operational documentation for the complex and its components.
The result of the check is considered positive if the operating and maintenance personnel are allowed by the joint commission of the Customer and the Contractor to work independently with the complex, have studied the operational documentation for the complex and its components, and have the skills to work with the complex and its components. 4.5. Procedure for eliminating deficiencies Information about failures, failures, emergencies is entered into the working log of trial operation.
(Appendix 3). 5. ACCEPTANCE TESTS5.1.
Central heating service
- commissioning tests in operating conditions, balance experiments (setting optimal modes, testing valve control in manual and automatic modes, checking automation settings, identifying shortcomings and working out proposals for their elimination), the result is an act of individual tests;
- comprehensive testing (72 hours of continuous operation for all main equipment, 24 hours for heating networks), its beginning is the time when all systems are started at maximum load.
Info
Some companies document all activities related directly to the preparation and testing of devices in a separate document - the Commissioning Methodology, which comes as an addition to the Program. In the Program, they include more general things of an organizational nature.
Documents confirming the authority of the person (persons) representing the owner. Permission to use technical devices (equipment of thermal power plants, heating points and heating networks, a section of a heating network, systems, devices and means of emergency protection, signaling and control used in the operation of this equipment) if there are identifying signs of danger.
Commissioning report etc. sample
Price lists are intended for drawing up estimates and settlements between customers and contractors for the performed commissioning works by types of equipment, devices and systems at commissioning under construction, as well as reconstructing, expanding and technically re-equipping operating enterprises, buildings and structures. - preparatory work - organizational and engineering preparation of work; study of the electrical part of the project and familiarization with the technical documentation of manufacturers of electrical equipment; obtaining from the customer agreed settings for protection and automation devices; preparation of a fleet of instruments and fixtures, as well as adjustment programs and a set of protocol forms; - adjustment work carried out before individual testing of process equipment, - external inspection of electrical equipment for compliance with the project; checking and setting individual elements and functional groups; assembly of test circuits; checking parameters and characterization of individual devices; — measurement of insulation resistance; checking the connection of the windings; adjustment of relay equipment; verification of the correctness of the implementation of primary and secondary switching circuits, - adjustment work during the period of individual testing of technological equipment - adjustment of electrical equipment under voltage,including power circuits; removal and adjustment of the necessary characteristics and their comparison with the design data of the project; testing and adjustment of equipment idle and under load together with process equipment; - adjustment work during the period of complex testing of equipment - ensuring mutual connections of devices as part of the electrical installation and mechanisms as part of the unit; coordination of input and output parameters and characteristics of individual mechanisms in the unit; ensuring at electrical installations and units of electrical parameters and modes provided for by the project, as well as their stable operation in operating conditions; - preparation of reporting and acceptance documentation - drawing up in one copy of the protocols for commissioning and testing (measurements) of electrical equipment; introduction of changes made in the process of commissioning into one copy of the project's schematic diagrams.
The contractor has a documentary justification for the demand for payment. In addition, the presence of an official document excludes future claims regarding the quality and performance of the equipment. On its basis, the customer pays for the work performed. Without registration of this act, it is not possible to issue a final invoice for the transfer of funds to the contractor.
1. Interrelation of stages in the commissioning of power equipment
2.1.1. When commissioning power equipment
the stages of work on the automated process control system should be interconnected with the stages of work at the TOU:
- at the stage of TOU "Preparatory" steps are performed
ACS TP "Preparatory" and "Autonomous adjustment of KTS (PTK, SA)";
- at the stages of TOU "Individual tests",
"Functional tests" (trial runs) the stage of automated process control system "Autonomous
adjustment of APCS subsystems”;
- at the stage of TOU "Comprehensive testing" are carried out
stages of process control system "Complex adjustment" and "Trial operation".
Borders
stages for individual subsystems of automated process control systems may be shifted, depending on
order of work on FU and individual units of power equipment.
