Loose insulation

Method for preparing moistened fillings

A binder and organic fillers are poured into the gap in layers. Then everything is mixed well and water is added. After 3-5 weeks, the backfill in the structures dries up with a slight compaction and sedimentation. Drying time varies depending on the air temperature. Such backfills should not be used in frame wooden buildings in conjunction with vapor barrier materials (roofing material, roofing felt, glassine, etc.). They dry out for a long time, and sometimes are the cause of the formation of fungus. As you know, the fungus is very harmful to wood.

Slabs made of organic materials are considered to be a better insulation. Their size should be 50 × 50 or 70 × 70 cm, and the thickness should be from 5 to 10 cm. The ratio of components for their preparation:

• 1.5 parts of quicklime + 0.3 parts of cement + 2-2.5 parts of water;
• or 4 parts of clay dough + 0.3 parts of cement + 2-2.5 parts of water are taken for 1 weight part of organic aggregate;
• or 1-2 parts of tripoli clay + at least 0.7 parts of quicklime (you can fluff) + 2-3 parts of water;
• or 1.5-2 parts of gypsum + 2-2.5 parts of water.

If lime dough is used, then its amount is doubled, and the amount of water is reduced.

Dry materials are first mixed, then moistened with water and mixed again until a homogeneous consistency. After that, the mixture is put into molds, leveled, the molds are removed and dried under a canopy or in a closed room. Drying time will depend on temperature conditions and the binder used. Slabs made of gypsum, lime, tripoli dry for 2-3 weeks, clay products - an average of about 4-5 weeks.

Frame, frame-panel, panel and those walls that are assembled from factory-made elements are considered more economical.

A wooden frame is a kind of structure consisting of lower straps that are laid on the foundation. The elements of such a frame are connected with nails and bolts. If the frame is paving, then staples are used. The racks of the frame are sheathed with boards. The distance between the outer and inner cladding is filled with a special insulating backfill, straw or reed mats or other plate heaters. In prefabricated frame buildings, the plank sheathing on the outside is often covered with sheathing made of asbestos-cement sheets.

The popularity of heaters in the form of mats or plates is understandable - they are easy to transport, it is convenient to work with them, while saving time. But often builders use another type of thermal insulation - backfill. It differs from foam or mineral wool boards in its structure. Perhaps, for some works, backfill thermal insulation will be more preferable.

Insulation is a low-density porous material, the granules of which are produced by firing foam raw materials at high temperature. Ease of manufacture is reflected in the low cost of thermal insulation, and the structure also saves on labor costs.

The disadvantages of filling heaters are:

• their shrinkage by 10-15% of the initial volume;
• loss of thermal insulation properties when wet.

Backfill insulation is used, usually for horizontal surfaces. The job seems simple, but requires careful preparation. For example, when insulating the floor in buildings without basements, the soil is pre-compacted and covered with a screed. Next, a waterproofing material is laid on the latter, and a heater is poured on it. It looks like the situation is with the insulation of the roof, only the screed is not required. Instead, a layer of vapor barrier is laid on top of the backfill material.

When sheathing walls, a frame is constructed in advance, consisting of durable sheet elements. After that, a heater is poured inside the resulting structure.

Settling of dry backfills

The main disadvantage of dry backfills is that they settle and form voids. Therefore, if they are used, then the walls are erected 20-30 cm above the level of the ceiling beams, completely filling with backfill. As the backfill settles, it will fill the empty space. Under the windows, it is better to replace the backfill with fibrous or tile materials. If there are none, retractable window sills are mounted in order to fill the backfill through them.

In order for the insulating backfill to become less loose, materials should be added to it that will turn it into a solid filler. For example, we take 85% sawdust and mix it with 10% fluff lime and 5% gypsum. In this case, the sawdust will harden and turn into a so-called thermolite. For such a mixture, wet, not specially dried, organic materials or sawdust are used. Sawdust is mixed with fluff, then this mixture is added to gypsum and immediately laid out in place, leveling and compacting well. The moisture present in the filler will slightly moisten the gypsum and it will set. The aggregate will turn into a loose mass, thicken, and due to this it will not settle.

Types of backfill thermal insulation

Hundreds of years ago, when building wooden houses from timber or logs, the very first bulk insulation was used - sawdust. Like modern counterparts, they were quite good in terms of thermal conductivity, but they shrank or lost their properties when wet. Today's materials are more perfect in many respects. The most popular of them are discussed in detail below.

Insulation, the basis of which is clay. It is used as an independent heat insulator for premises of residential or industrial buildings, and in combination with concrete (expanded concrete is obtained). Today it is obtained by firing shale.

The production technology varies depending on the required dimensions of the final granules.

Having studied the marking of the filling insulation, you can understand what size granules of the material are and for which parts of the house it is suitable. For example, expanded clay sand is used as a heat insulator for the floor or acts as an integral element of the concrete cladding. Granules with a diameter of 5-10 mm are suitable for pitched and flat roofs, floors, attics; larger than 15 mm - for warming the basement or foundation.

Expanded clay inevitably settles during operation, therefore, during the initial installation, it must be strongly tamped to minimize shrinkage. The material is recommended to insulate walls only in regions where the temperature in winter does not fall below -20 degrees.

The insulation is made from silicate volcanic rocks using the same technology as expanded clay. When heated to 1000-1200 degrees, moisture evaporates from the surface of the stones, leaving air inside them. The result is white or gray granules with a diameter of 1 to 10 mm. The density of perlite ranges from 75 to 150 kg / m3, and for its color it is also called "glass insulation".

The smallest granules (1-2 mm) form perlite sand used in such areas:

1. insulation of residential buildings;
2. production of acoustic materials;
3. production of insulating plaster;
4. creation of fire-resistant concrete.

Granules filled with air weigh less than expanded clay, therefore they are suitable for thermal insulation of walls. In addition, the material will resemble mineral wool, since, in addition to preserving heat, it will prevent the penetration of extraneous noise into the room.

Expanded material made of hydrated mica, increased in volume by 15-20 times by heat treatment. It has increased fire-resistant properties, due to which it is used in the installation of chimneys. Ideal for floors and walls.

A thin layer of vermiculite 5 cm thick will retain up to 70% of the heat of the room. This is enough to insulate the roof. For walls, floors and foundations, it is recommended to make a double layer of material.

The density of vermiculite is lower than that of expanded clay or perlite - the largest bulk density is 100 kg/m3. This filling insulation is supplied in bags of a certain volume, and is used in almost all areas of a residential building.

The benefits of vermiculite include:

1. low coefficient of thermal conductivity (0.04-0.06), comparable to polystyrene foam and mineral wool;
2. no likelihood of voids and seams;
3. high melting point (1400 degrees);
4. absence of toxic materials;
5. biological resistance (prevents mold, fungus, is of no interest to rodents);
6. good sound insulation;
7. the lightness of the material, allowing it to be used in frame houses, on load-bearing systems or foundations;
8. ease of insulation work and time saving.

Ecowool.

Relatively new material, only 10 years ago appeared on the market. It is produced from recycled paper raw materials, flame retardants (substances that prevent ignition), antiseptics. Safe for humans, resistant to decay, is not a fire spreader. It is more often used for thermal insulation of walls, attics or roofs of complex construction.

4. Warming the floor of the house with expanded clay

Expanded clay is one of the most suitable materials for, especially if the budget is limited. Warming can be performed by one of several existing methods.

Classic variant
provides for the following sequence of actions:

You can do without the time-consuming process of preparing the mortar and pouring the screed using simplified dry technology
:

• a vapor barrier is laid on the surface of the main floor;
• expanded clay is poured over the beacons, for reliability it can, of course, be fixed with cement milk;
• dense gypsum-fiber sheets are laid on expanded clay, which are fastened with glue.

Similar to the dry method lag insulation option:

Advantages and disadvantages

Loose types of insulation are mostly environmentally friendly insulation (if natural materials were used in the production process). For example, perlite or crushed perlite is cast from glass of volcanic origin. Vermiculite also has a mineral origin - granules are formed during the heat treatment of certain rocks. Polystyrene (polymer insulation) does not have such characteristics - its granules during long-term operation begin to release styrene into the environment.

Operational advantages of mineral heaters:

• perfectly pass steam, not allowing the walls to get damp;
• serve for a long time without loss of technical characteristics;
• resistant to open fire - withstand temperatures from 1,000 degrees;
• not interested in rodents and insects;
• do not collapse under the influence of high humidity;
• do not lose their shape - granules or crushed stone do not crack over time.

The disadvantages include the need to build an additional partition (insulation is poured between the facing material and the wall). As a result, it requires the expansion of the foundation.

The main elements of frame walls

The frame includes:

• top harness;
• bottom harness;
• walls;
• braces (struts) of rigidity;
• additional components, such as intermediate crossbars and posts.

Between the racks design door and window openings.

When building two-story houses, two main types of frames can be used:

• With floor racks (when one house, as it were, stands on another). This type of frame is easier to build as it allows the use of smaller material.
• With through racks on two floors. This type of frame is more stable. It uses long material.

The supporting racks of the frame are mounted in the range of 0.5-1.5 m, focusing on the desired size of doors and windows. Ordinary racks of the frame are made of boards measuring 5 × 10 cm or 6 × 12 cm. Corner racks of the frame are made of composite boards or beams.

The base of the frame is the lower trim. It is made up of logs, boards or beams. The corners of the lower strapping are performed using the “straight half-wood lock” technique. If floor beams are cut into the strapping, then it is made of two crowns. If the floor beams simply rest on the pillars, then the strapping is made from one crown. Usually frame elements are fixed with nails, sometimes spikes are used.

To make the frame more stable, wooden struts are attached on both sides between the racks. They are cut flush using a frying pan or a semi-frying pan. On top of the racks fix top harness and cut ceiling beams into it. The top harness is best mounted on straight spikes. Next, rafters are placed on the beams. Sometimes log (blocked) beams are replaced with boards (planks) with a section of 5 × 18 cm or 5 × 20 cm and placed on edge. Outside, the assembled frame is sealed with wooden planks and nailed to the racks with nails measuring 7-7.5 cm. The thickness of the boards is 2-2.5 cm. They can be replaced with asbestos-cement slabs or any other materials that are durable and resistant to precipitation.

Features of internal thermal insulation

When the placement of insulation from the inside is the only solution, the installation process and the choice of material must be approached responsibly, taking into account all the recommendations of experts.

What is the "dew point" and why should it be considered? This is the place where room steam at a certain temperature turns into condensate. With external insulation, the wall is heated by heating devices, and is protected from external influences by heat-insulating material.

In this case, the dew point is in the thickness of the wall, and its surface remains dry. If the insulation is placed inside, the structure freezes and moisture occurs when it comes into contact with steam. The only way to keep moisture and fungus from growing is to use a vapor-proof material. The dew point will remain inside, but moisture will not flow to it and the wall will remain dry.

1. Expanded clay production and fractions

For the production of expanded clay is used fusible grades of clay
with a quartz content of 30%. They are processed in special chambers, where they are heated to a temperature of 1050-1300 0 C for 30-40 minutes, resulting in swelling and the formation of porous granules with a melted sealed shell, which gives the material the necessary strength. The more pores in expanded clay, the better.

During the production process, as a rule, granules of different fractions:

• expanded clay sand
  with granule size up to 5 mm;
• expanded clay crushed stone
  - granules resembling cubes in shape;
• expanded clay gravel
  - granules of an oblong shape.

Expanded clay of such fractions is distinguished by the size of the granules: 5-10 mm, 10-20 mm and 20-40 mm.

Material Features

There are several types of bulk material for insulation. Each of them has its own properties. List of bulk heaters:

• expanded clay;
• expanded polystyrene in granules;
• foam concrete crumb;
• ecowool;
• sawdust and sand;
• boiler slag;
• vermiculite.

Expanded clay

The usual form of this material is round or oval granules. Granules or other shaped material is porous and very light (some species may float on water). Expanded clay is formed as a result of firing light-alloy clay. It is absolutely non-flammable, safe, environmentally friendly in its composition.

The material can be in three forms:

• sand with a grain size of 0.14 to 5 mm. It is used as a filler for lightweight concrete and for floor insulation;
• expanded claydite crushed stone is granules with a fraction of 5–40 mm. The best option for thermal insulation of foundations and floors of residential premises;
• expanded clay gravel. Rounded granules 5–40 mm with a melted surface, absolutely resistant to fire. Inside they have closed pores, which gives them excellent frost resistance.Such gravel is recommended for warming attic floors: the material is light, has low thermal conductivity.

The marking of the material necessarily contains the size of its fraction:

• 5–10 mm - floors and roofs;
• 10-20 mm - baths and saunas, able to keep the temperature and humidity in the room for some time;
• more than 20 mm - for foundations and basements.

Styrofoam granules

This is the most controversial bulk material. Represents very easy, air granules of white color. It is used as a backfill for insulating roofs and walls, it is also used as an additive in a mixture for insulating concrete.

The disadvantages are toxicity and flammability, but its properties are not yet fully understood. Instead, it is recommended to use granular foam glass. Expanded polystyrene is cheap, convenient for insulation in the way of well masonry.

Vermiculite

It is a layered material based on mica. In the process of its manufacture, no chemical additives or impurities are used. It is an excellent option for warming loggias, rooms. It is used as an energy-saving lining of housing inside and outside. For the floor and walls, a layer of at least 10 cm is recommended, for the roof - at least 5 cm. Backfilling with this material 5 cm thick reduces heat loss by 75%, 10 cm - 92%.

• high air permeability of the insulation - the material is porous - which allows the walls to "breathe", ideal for natural circulation, air renewal and providing a microclimate in the room;
• environmentally friendly, no toxic substances;
• non-combustible, refractory, belongs to the combustibility group G1;
• fungi, mold, rodents, insects are not afraid of such isolation;
• special skills or experience, special tools are not needed to backfill it. The layer of material is simply filled and compacted. Additional fasteners are not needed;
• service life - more than 50 years.

For walls, a thickness of 10 cm of vermiculite backfill is sufficient, for attics, roofs, interfloor ceilings - 5 cm. When laying, it is advisable to use a vapor barrier film - this will additionally protect the insulation from moisture.

sawdust and sand

These are traditional heat preservation materials that have been used in attics and basements for centuries. Disadvantages: poorly isolated from moisture, pests can start in them. Sawdust - combustible, susceptible to mold, fungus. It is still recommended to use more modern materials.

For insulation, not ordinary sand is used, but perlite. It is light in weight, less hygroscopic, and resembles mineral wool in its characteristics. Due to the low bulk density, it does not create a load on the walls, does not burst them.

Ecowool or cellulose

The components of this insulation are ecowool (7%), shredded paper (81%), antiseptics (12%) and antipyrines (7%). The material is non-flammable and does not rot due to special impregnations. It has been used in the world for more than 80 years, in the CIS it has been known for the past decade.

Boric acid is used as an antiseptic in this material, and borax is used as a fire retardant. These substances are environmentally friendly.

for walls

To keep the heat in the house, it is necessary to insulate not only the floor, but also the walls. And not only from the inside, but also from the outside. The choice of heaters is large, but I want to choose the best one from them. To do this, you need to familiarize yourself with the characteristics of heaters and choose the one that suits you the most.

Materials such as:

The list of heaters is represented by a very wide range. Loose heaters are still very popular. The same old proven heaters that are used for the floor have proven themselves excellently. There are also more modern ones. For example, foam glass is very popular among builders.

This environmentally friendly material is chemically stable and does not lend itself to biological destruction.Granulated foam glass is used not only as an independent backfill, but also as the basis of heat-insulating plaster. It is obtained from foamed raw granules. It is produced in the form of slabs, crushed stone and in granulated form of various fractions.

It is worth noting: granulated foam glass is absolutely not afraid of groundwater. Therefore, in addition to walls, it can be safely used for warming foundations and basements.

Penoplex - granules made of foamed polymers. It is sold in the form of slabs or crumbs. Absolutely does not absorb moisture. Very light weight material. Requires protection from sunlight and chemicals.

It should be noted: penoplex can only be used in the operating temperature range (from -50ᵒ С to + 75ᵒ С).

For work on wall insulation, loose foam is very convenient. Especially when making walls of a frame structure. Having in its composition very small granules (from 0.1 mm), it is able to penetrate into the smallest voids.

Expert advice: it is not recommended to use penoplex for insulating the walls of baths and saunas.

Mineral wool has found wide distribution in the insulation of not only walls. The size of the granules is from 10 mm. It has good vapor permeability. Fire resistant. Does not change its properties up to 1000ᵒ C. Good sound insulator. Recommended for internal insulation. Sold in bags, in bulk, in rolls. When working with mineral wool, it is necessary to take measures to protect the respiratory tract and skin.

Please note: wet mineral wool significantly reduces its thermal insulation parameters. It is very difficult to dry. Summing up, it can be noted with confidence that bulk heaters occupy the leading place as a heater for walls.

Summing up, it can be noted with certainty that bulk heaters occupy the leading place as a heater for walls.

For floor

With any construction, thermal insulation is given the closest attention. Not ignored and floor insulation

Bulk insulation is best suited for this.

The most common among them are:

Expanded clay in floor insulation is the most popular insulating material. Low price, mass production and high thermal insulation properties played an important role in this. And, although it is made of clay, the output is a rather light product. The weight of 1 m³ is on average 350 kg.

It is appropriate to mention that expanded clay is the most environmentally friendly material. It is not susceptible to moisture and at the same time it is frost-resistant. Sold in bags or in bulk. Expanded clay can be used as an independent heater, and in combination with concrete. Expanded clay concrete not only retains heat, but in addition it is also a very durable substrate, base.

The next representative of bulk insulation will be perlite. Its origin is volcanic rocks.

A distinctive, only inherent feature is a high percentage of moisture absorption. In studies, it has been found that it is able to absorb moisture four times its own weight. It is because of this that it is recommended for warming rooms with high humidity.

Environmentally friendly natural material that does not enter into any chemical reactions. It has high fire resistance.

Withstands temperatures up to 900ᵒ C. Possessing a porosity of up to 40%, it is an excellent insulator. For insulation, it is used in the form of perlite sand. You can buy it in the same way as expanded clay, in bags or in bulk.

This is interesting: Perlite is not only used in construction, it is also used to filter vegetable oil, fruit juices and beer.

Vermiculite is also an excellent heater of natural origin. Distinguished by its hardness. Along with high fire resistance (up to 1200ᵒ C), it has an impressive moisture absorption coefficient - more than 530%. It has amazing thermal insulation properties.

With a layer thickness of only 5 cm, heat loss is reduced by 75%. It is an environmentally friendly material. It has high chemical and biological resistance. Prevents the appearance of mold and mildew. Having a small volumetric weight, it does not create a load on the foundation. It is sold, like all bulk insulation - in bags and in bulk.

For floor insulation, not only bulk heaters are used. Styrofoam, mineral wool, liquid insulation, cork and a number of others are also often used. Each of them has both positive and negative sides. Some are very good, but expensive. For example, cork insulation. Others, like Styrofoam, are not flame retardant.

A good floor insulation is obtained from ordinary sawdust, but it requires special antiseptic treatment. In addition, it shrinks very quickly, caking. Loose heaters have the most optimal parameters for floor insulation.

Please note: bulk insulation tends to shrink. Tight compaction reduces its size.

5. Insulation of the walls of the house with expanded clay

For wall insulation with expanded clay is used three-layer masonry method
, which is applicable only for newly built houses: the first layer is a load-bearing wall, the second layer is expanded clay with cement milk, the third layer is the exterior finish. There are three technologies:

If they are insulated walls
, then expanded clay insulation must be very carefully tamped. Walls
the hardest thing to insulate with expanded clay. Since its thermal insulation properties are somewhat worse than those of its closest competitor, it is necessary to leave cavities 20-40 cm thick, and this is a significant load on the load-bearing walls, so an additional foundation will have to be made outside. The complexity of the technology and the cost of all additional manipulations practically negate the efficiency of expanded clay insulation, so for wooden houses it is better to consider another option for wall insulation.

The main advantage of stud walls over log walls is that they require less wood to produce. Frame houses are always warm, with good sound insulation, and most importantly, they are easy to build.

Features of mineral wool insulation

Although the material is not vapor-tight, it is often used for do-it-yourself internal insulation. Among the advantages of mineral wool:

• low coefficient of thermal conductivity - 0.04-0.45;
• does not support combustion;
• basalt wool slabs are easy to install;
• affordable cost;
• excellent soundproofing.

Insulation can be installed in residential and non-residential premises, for which cheaper glass wool is suitable. It is fireproof, resistant to frost, rodents and mold. The disadvantages of the heat-insulating material are high hygroscopicity and vapor permeability. Mineral wool is used for do-it-yourself insulation of brick and concrete walls, but is not recommended for wooden houses.

Installation of thermal insulation is carried out according to the following technology:

1. The surface of the wall is covered with a layer of antifungal impregnation.
2. With the help of a laser level, a line for attaching the starting profile along the entire perimeter of the future structure is outlined.
3. A waterproofing sheet is laid and fastened on the wall with entry to the floor and ceiling.
4. According to the markup, the guide profile is fixed. After its attachment, the installation sites of vertical racks and suspensions are marked. The pitch of the CD wall profile is 60 cm, which allows one sheet of 120 cm drywall to overlap two cells and reduce the number of joints.
5. To insulate the vertical surface, mineral wool is used in the slabs. Such material facilitates installation and does not shrink over time. The slabs must fit snugly into the designated sections, but not be crushed, otherwise their characteristics will deteriorate.
6. A vapor barrier film is mounted on top of the insulation.The use of penofol is recommended - foamed polyethylene with a foil coating. The reflective layer will protect the room from heat loss and prevent steam from penetrating into the mineral wool. A layer of foil is directed towards the room, the joints of the canvases are glued with special adhesive tape.
7. The installation of drywall sheets completes the thermal insulation. They are attached to the galvanized profile with self-tapping screws.

The service life of the heater is up to 10 years. When installing mineral wool, it is imperative to protect the skin, eyes and respiratory organs from small fibers.

Insulation of walls from the inside is performed in exceptional cases

It is important to use a material with suitable characteristics and carefully seal the wall with a vapor barrier film. In order not to violate the integrity of the finish, it is not recommended to install sockets and switches on it.

Backfilling process and its features

Thickness table for temperature conditions:

Recommendations

For backfilling, there are the following recommendations. Firstly, bulk material settles over time, so it must be well compacted. Boiler slag and expanded clay should preferably be used in regions where winter temperatures do not fall below -20°C. Insulation of pitched roofs with expanded clay and similar compositions is carried out from the outside, after laying the vapor barrier. Along the slope between the rafters, transverse limiters are installed - they evenly distribute the insulation.

After laying on the floor or in the basement, it is well rammed to prevent shrinkage and deformation of the finish. The only problem is the ingress of moisture, bulk insulation is quite hygroscopic. In baths and saunas, and, by the way, everywhere, the insulation layer must have high-quality hydro and vapor barrier. It is necessary to ensure that there are no gaps in the finish, and bulk material does not wake up through them. It is also worth remembering that expanded clay is quite heavy. It is necessary to ensure that with its mass it does not burst too weak partitions or walls.

Scope of filling insulation

Since the material in question is light and almost does not weigh down the structure, it is usually used when sheathing a sloping roof. It also finds application in the insulation of such sections of houses:

• attic floors;
• attic;
• frame structures (walls);
• floor, foundation;
• horizontal partitions between floors;
• brick walls.

The optimal combination of prices, qualities, as well as the combination of lightness with reliable thermal insulation contributed to the growth in demand for the considered bulk insulation. If the house needs good protection from the cold, and there is little time to work, expanded clay, perlite, vermiculite and ecowool will be excellent helpers in the implementation of the plans.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=YmB-_dss9ow

Insulation of frame walls with backfills

Very often, in order to insulate a building, frame walls are constructed from boards. It is desirable that the walls are made of two boards. The gap between the walls is filled with various slab, bulk or roll materials. Roll and slab materials are fixed to the frame with nails. The seams are hidden with a solution of gypsum or sealed with tow. If the plates are laid in two layers, then make sure that the seams between the plates of the first and second layers overlap. When laying in one layer, reed slabs must be placed vertically. With two-layer laying, the boards can be laid horizontally and vertically. To protect the slabs from rotting and corroding by rodents, straw slabs should be soaked for 2 hours in a 10% solution of ferrous sulfate and dried well. To make the plates less blown, cardboard or thick construction paper is placed between them.

When the cold season comes, the air from the room can moisten the backfill, which is undesirable. Therefore, to protect the backfill, an insulating layer of roofing felt, roofing material, glassine, or other insulating material is placed under the sheathing on the inside of the wall.Before falling asleep, the materials are mixed with fluffy lime. For the mixture, take 10% of the volume of the mixture for backfilling or more (for example, 90% sawdust and 10% fluff lime) and mix everything well to a homogeneous consistency. Fluffy lime is used so that rodents do not breed in the backfill. These materials are used in dry form.

All materials are poured in layers on a dry surface or wooden board and mixed with a shovel to evenly mix organic materials with fluff lime. The empty space is filled with ready-made backfill, pouring layers of 20-30 cm and compacting well.

Used as backfill:

• pumice;
• slag;
• peat;
• sawdust;
• campfire;
• sunflower husk;
• chopped reed;
• tows;
• straw.

The weight of the material will determine its thermal conductivity. The lighter it is, the worse it conducts heat. Here is the mass of some bulk substances:

• dry moss - 135 kg in 1 m 3;
• granulated blast-furnace slag - 700 kg in 1 m 3;
• wood shavings - 300 kg in 1 m 3;
• tripoli - 600 kg in 1 m 3;
• straw chopped (cutting) - 120 kg in 1 m 3;
• pumice - 500 kg in 1 m 3;
• wood sawdust - 250 kg in 1 m 3;
• boiler slag - 1000 kg in 1 m 3;
• dry peat - 150 kg in 1 m 3.

Usually, organic materials such as peat, sawdust, moss, straw chaff, fire are dried and disinfected.