Specific gas consumption

Question answer

Section "COGENERATION

Question What is the specific consumption of natural gas (GOST) per 1 kW_*hour of generated electricity in a gas piston engine-generator?

Answer: From 0.3 to 0.26 m3 / kW_*hour depending on the efficiency of the installation and the calorific value of the gas. Currently, the efficiency can vary from 29 to 42-43% depending on the equipment manufacturer.

Question: What is the electricity/heat ratio of the cogenerator?

Answer: per 1 kW_*an hour of electricity can be obtained from 1 kW_*hour up to 1.75 kW_*hour of thermal energy, depending on the efficiency of the installation and the mode of operation of the engine cooling system.

Question: When choosing a gas piston engine, what is preferable - a nominal speed of 1000 or 1500 rpm?

Answer: The specific cost indicators of a 1500 rpm engine-generator are lower than those of similar power generators with 1000 rpm. However, the cost of "ownership" of a high-speed unit is higher than the "ownership" of a low-speed one by about 25%.

Question: How does a gas piston engine-generator behave during power surges?

Answer: A gas-piston engine-generator is not as “fast” as its diesel-generator counterpart. The average allowable power surge limit for a gas piston engine is no more than 30%. In addition, this value depends on the load conditions on the engine prior to the power surge. An engine using a stoichiometric fuel mixture and without a turbocharger is more dynamic than a turbocharged one and a lean mixture.

Question: How does the quality of gas fuel affect the operation of a gas piston engine?

Answer: Natural gas, in accordance with the current GOST, has an octane equivalent of 100 units.

When using associated gas, biogas, and other methane-containing gas mixtures, gas engine manufacturers evaluate the so-called "knock - index" "knock index", which can vary significantly. A low value of the "knock - index" of the gas used causes engine detonation. Therefore, when evaluating the possibility of using this gas composition, it is mandatory to obtain an approval (approval) from the manufacturer, which guarantees the operation of the engine and the power produced by the engine.

Question: What are the main operating modes of the cogenerator with an external network?

Answer: Three modes can be considered:

1.Autonomous work (Island mode). There is no galvanic connection between the generator and the network.

Advantages of this mode: does not require coordination with the power supply organization.

Disadvantages of this mode: A qualified engineering analysis of the Consumer's loads, both electrical and thermal, is required. It is necessary to eliminate the discrepancy between the selected power of the gas piston generator and the mode of starting currents of the Consumer's engines, other abnormal modes (short circuits, the influence of non-sinusoidal loads, etc.) that are possible during the operation of the facility. As a rule, the selectable power of a stand-alone station should be higher in relation to the average load of the Consumer, taking into account the above.

2. Parallel operation (Parallel with grid) is the most used mode of operation in all countries except Russia.

Advantages of this mode: The most “comfortable” mode of operation of a gas engine: constant power take-off, minimum torsional vibrations, minimum specific fuel consumption, coverage of peak modes due to the external network, return of funds invested in the power plant by selling electrical energy unclaimed by the consumer - the owner of the Facility. The rated power of the gas piston unit (GPA) can be selected according to the average power of the consumer.

Disadvantages of this mode: All the advantages described above turn into disadvantages in the conditions of the Russian Federation:

- significant costs for the technical conditions for connecting a “small” energy facility to an external network;

- when exporting electricity to an external network, the amount of funds from its sale does not cover the costs even for the fuel component, which certainly increases the payback period.

3. Parallel operation with an external network without exporting electricity to the network.

This mode is a healthy compromise.

Advantages of this mode: The external network plays the role of "reserve"; GPA is the role of the main source. All launch modes are covered by an external network. The rated power of the gas compressor unit is determined based on the average power consumption by the electrical receivers of the facility.

Disadvantages of this mode: The need to coordinate this mode with the power supply organization.

How to convert m3 of hot water to gcal

They account for 30 x 0.059 = 1.77 Gcal. Heat consumption for all other residents (let there be 100): 20 - 1.77 = 18.23 Gcal. One person has 18.23/100 = 0.18 Gcal. Converting Gcal to m3, we get hot water consumption 0.18/0.059 = 3.05 cubic meters per person.

When calculating monthly payments for heating and hot water, confusion often arises. For example, if there is a common building heat meter in an apartment building, then the calculation with the heat supplier is carried out for the consumed gigacalories (Gcal). At the same time, the tariff for hot water for residents is usually set in rubles per cubic meter (m3). To understand the payments, it is useful to be able to convert Gcal to cubic meters.

It must be noted that thermal energy, which is measured in gigacalories, and the volume of water, which is measured in cubic meters, are completely different physical quantities. This is known from a high school physics course. Therefore, in fact, we are not talking about converting gigacalories into cubic meters, but about finding a correspondence between the amount of heat spent on heating water and the volume of hot water received.

By definition, a calorie is the amount of heat it takes to raise one cubic centimeter of water 1 degree Celsius. A gigacalorie, used to measure thermal energy in thermal power engineering and utilities, is a billion calories. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter, so there are 100 x 100 x 100 = 1,000,000 centimeters in one cubic meter. Thus, to heat a cube of water by 1 degree, it will take a million calories or 0.001 Gcal.

The temperature of hot water flowing from the tap must be at least 55°C. If the cold water at the entrance to the boiler room has a temperature of 5°C, then it will need to be heated by 50°C. Heating 1 cubic meter will require 0.05 Gcal. However, when water moves through pipes, heat losses inevitably occur, and the amount of energy spent on providing hot water will actually be about 20% more. The average norm of thermal energy consumption for obtaining a cube of hot water is assumed to be 0.059 Gcal.

Let's consider a simple example. Suppose that during the inter-heating period, when all the heat is used only to provide hot water supply, the consumption of thermal energy, according to the readings of the general house meter, amounted to 20 Gcal per month, and the residents, in whose apartments water meters are installed, used up 30 cubic meters of hot water. They account for 30 x 0.059 = 1.77 Gcal.

Here is the ratio of Cal and Gcal to each other.

1 cal
1 hectocal = 100 cal
1 kilocal (kcal) = 1000 cal
1 megacal (mcal) = 1000 kcal = 1000000 cal
1 GigaCal (Gcal) = 1000 Mcal = 1000000 kcal = 1000000000 Cal

When speaking or writing on receipts, Gcal
- we are talking about how much heat was released to you or will be released for the entire period - it can be a day, month, year, heating season, etc.When they say
or write Gcal/hour
- it means, . If the calculation is for a month, then we multiply these ill-fated Gcal by the number of hours per day (24 if there were no interruptions in heat supply) and days per month (for example, 30), but also when we received heat in fact.

Now how do you calculate this gigacalorie or hecocalorie (Gcal) allocated to you personally.

For this we need to know:

- temperature at the supply (supply pipeline of the heating network) - average value per hour;
- the temperature on the return line (the return pipeline of the heating network) - also the average per hour.
- the flow rate of the coolant in the heating system for the same period of time.

We consider the temperature difference between what came to our house and what returned from us to the heating network.

For example: 70 degrees came, we returned 50 degrees, we have 20 degrees left.
And we also need to know the flow of water in the heating system.
If you have a heat meter, we are fine looking for a value on the screen in t/h
. By the way, according to a good heat meter, you can immediately find Gcal/hour
- or as they sometimes say instantaneous consumption, then you don’t need to count, just multiply it by hours and days and get heat in Gcal for the range you need.

True, this will also be approximately, as if the heat meter counts itself for each hour and puts it in its archive, where you can always look at them. Average store hourly archives for 45 days
, and monthly up to three years. Indications in Gcal can always be found and checked by the management company or.

Well, what if there is no heat meter. You have a contract, there are always these ill-fated Gcal. According to them, we calculate the consumption in t / h.
For example, in the contract it is written - the allowed maximum heat consumption is 0.15 Gcal / hour. It may be written differently, but Gcal / hour will always be.
We multiply 0.15 by 1000 and divide by the temperature difference from the same contract. You will have a temperature graph - for example, 95/70 or 115/70 or 130/70 with a cutoff at 115, etc.

0.15 x 1000 / (95-70) = 6 t / h, these 6 tons per hour are what we need, this is our planned pumping (coolant flow rate) to which it is necessary to strive so as not to have overflow and underflow (unless of course in the contract you correctly indicated the value of Gcal / hour)

And, finally, we consider the heat received earlier - 20 degrees (the temperature difference between what came to our house and what returned from us to the heating network) we multiply by the planned pumping (6 t / h) we get 20 x 6/1000 = 0.12 Gcal/hour.

This value of heat in Gcal released to the whole house, the management company will personally calculate it for you, usually this is done by the ratio of the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment to the heated area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe whole house, I will write more about this in another article.

The method described by us is of course rough, but for each hour this method is possible, just keep in mind that some heat meters average consumption values ​​for different periods of time from several seconds to 10 minutes. If the water consumption changes, for example, who disassembles the water, or you have weather-dependent automation, the readings in Gcal may differ slightly from those you received. But this is on the conscience of the developers of heat meters.

And one more small note, value of consumed heat energy (amount of heat) on your heat meter
(heat meter, heat quantity calculator) can be displayed in various units of measurement - Gcal, GJ, MWh, kWh. I give the ratio of units of Gcal, J and kW for you in the table: Better, more accurate and easier if you use a calculator to convert energy units from Gcal to J or kW.

Answer from Wolf rabinovich
Well, if Gcal is hecalitres, then 100 liters

Answer from tractor building
depends on the temperature of the same water ... see. specific heat, you may have to convert joules to calories. .that is, 1 gcal can be heated as many liters as you like, the only question is to what temperature ...

Why is it needed

apartment buildings

Everything is very simple: gigacalories are used in calculations for heat. Knowing how much thermal energy is left in the building, the consumer can be billed quite specifically. For comparison, when central heating is operating without a meter, the bill is billed according to the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heated room.

The presence of a heat meter implies a horizontal series or collector: taps of the supply and return risers are brought into the apartment; the configuration of the in-house system is determined by the owner. Such a scheme is typical for new buildings and, among other things, allows you to flexibly adjust heat consumption, choosing between comfort and economy.

How is the adjustment carried out?

• Throttling the heating devices themselves
  . The throttle allows you to limit the patency of the radiator, reducing its temperature and, accordingly, the cost of heat.
• Installing a common thermostat on the return pipe
  . The flow rate of the coolant will be determined by the temperature in the room: when the air is cooled, it will increase, when it is heated, it will decrease.

Private houses

The owner of the cottage is primarily interested in the price of a gigacalorie of heat obtained from various sources. We will allow ourselves to give approximate values ​​for the Novosibirsk region for tariffs and prices in 2013.

Order of calculations when calculating the consumed heat

In the absence of such a device as a hot water meter, the formula for calculating heat for heating should be as follows: Q \u003d V * (T1 - T2) / 1000. The variables in this case display values ​​such as:

• Q in this case is the total amount of heat energy;
• V is an indicator of hot water consumption, which is measured either in tons or in cubic meters;
• T1 - temperature parameter of hot water (measured in the usual degrees Celsius). In this case, it would be more appropriate to take into account the temperature that is typical for a certain working pressure. This indicator has a special name - enthalpy. But in the absence of the required sensor, one can take as a basis the temperature that will be as close as possible to the enthalpy. As a rule, its average value varies from 60 to 65 ° C;
• T2 in this formula is the temperature indicator of cold water, which is also measured in degrees Celsius. Due to the fact that it is very problematic to get to the pipeline with cold water, such values ​​\u200b\u200bare determined by constant values ​​\u200b\u200bthat differ depending on the weather conditions outside the home. For example, in the winter season, that is, at the very height of the heating season, this value is 5 ° C, and in summer, when the heating circuit is turned off - 15 ° C;
• 1000 is a common factor that can be used to get the result in gigacalories, which is more accurate, and not in regular calories.

The calculation of Gcal for heating in a closed system, which is more convenient for operation, should take place in a slightly different way. The formula for calculating the heating of a room with a closed system is as follows: Q = ((V1 * (T1 - T)) - (V2 * (T2 - T))) / 1000.

• Q is the same amount of thermal energy;
• V1 is the parameter of the coolant flow in the supply pipe (both ordinary water and steam can act as a heat source);
• V2 is the volume of water flow in the outlet pipeline;
• T1 - temperature value in the heat carrier supply pipe;
• T2 - outlet temperature indicator;
• T is the temperature parameter of cold water.

We can say that the calculation of heat energy for heating in this case depends on two values: the first of them displays the heat entering the system, measured in calories, and the second is the thermal parameter when the coolant is removed through the return pipeline.

calories

Caloric content, or the energy value of food, refers to the amount of energy that the body receives when it is fully absorbed. To determine complete
the energy value of food, it is burned in a calorimeter and the heat released into the water bath surrounding it is measured. The energy consumption of a person is measured in a similar way: in the sealed chamber of the calorimeter, the heat emitted by a person is measured and converted into “burned” calories - this way you can find out physiological
energy value of food. In a similar way, you can determine the energy required to ensure the life and activity of any person. The table reflects the empirical results of these tests, from which the value of products on their packages is calculated. Artificial fats (margarines) and seafood fats have an efficiency of 4-8.5 kcal/g
, so you can roughly find out their share in the total amount of fat.

What is the unit gigacalorie? How is it related to the more familiar kilowatt-hours of thermal energy? What data is needed to calculate the heat received by the room in gigacalories? Finally, what formulas are used to calculate? Let's try to answer these questions.

4. Determination of the estimated hourly gas consumption at the sites

annular
networks

V
actual gas pipelines other than
concentrated consumers,
connected at network nodes, there are
travel expenses. Therefore
there is a need for special
methodology for determining calculated hourly
gas costs for the network section. Generally
case calculated hourly gas consumption
determined by the formula:

(5.3)

Where:

—
respectively settlement, transit
and travel expenses of gas on the site, m3/h;

—
ratio dependent factor
Q_P
and
Q_m
and the number of small consumers that make up
Q_P.
For
distribution pipelines
.

Rice.
5.2. Consumer connection options
to the pipeline section

On the
Figure 5.2 presents various
consumer connection options
to the gas pipeline.

On the
figure 5.2, and a diagram is presented
connection of the consumer in the nodes.
Nodal load at the end of the section includes
and load of consumers connected
to this node, and the flow rate of the gas supplied
to the neighboring area. For the considered
section length l
this load is transitive
expenseQ_m.V
this caseQ_p=
Q_m.

On the
rice. 5.2, b shows a section of the gas pipeline,
which is connected to a large number
small consumers, i.e. track
load Q_P.

On the
rice. 5.2, in shows the general case of flow
gas at the site, when the site has
and travel and transit costs, in this
case, the estimated flow rate is determined
by formula (5.3).

At
determining the estimated costs for
sections of actual gas pipelines
there are difficulties in calculating
transit costs.

calculation
transit costs by sections should be
start from the meeting point of the flow,
moving against the motion of the gas
network feed point (GRP). Wherein
the following must be taken into account:

1) transit
the flow rate in the previous section is equal to
the sum of travel expenses of all subsequent
to the meeting point of the flows of sections;

2) for
flow merging case transit
consumption in each of the previous sections
equal to the travel expense of the next
plot taken with a coefficient
0,5;

3) when
flow separation transit cost
in the previous section is equal to the sum
travel expenses of all subsequent (for
separation point to meeting points)
plots.

results
calculation of estimated gas consumption
summarize in the table. 5.2. Plots in the table
can be recorded in any
sequence or in such
the sequence in which
transit costs.

For
intra-quarter, yard, intra-house
gas networks estimated hourly consumption
gasQ_p,m3/h,
should be determined by the sum of the nominal
gas consumption by appliances, taking into account
their simultaneity coefficient
actions.

table
5.2 Determination of calculated hourly
gas consumptionQ_p,m3/h

Index site	Length site l,m	Specific travel gas consumption ql, m3/(h*m)	Consumption gas, m3/h
QP	0,5QP	QR
1-2	1000		701	350,5	350,5
2-3	640		696,32	348,16	698,66
3-4	920		1036,84	518,42	518,42
4-5	960		757,44	378,72	378,72
5-6	440		358,6	179,3	358,6
6-7	800		240,8	120,4	120,4
7-8	880		264,88	132,44	132,44
8-9	800		856	428	856
9-14	400		417,6	208,8	208,8
10-11	1000		818	409	738,12
11-12	640		300,8	150,4	678,44
12-13	920		515,2	257,6	785,64
13-14	960		440,64	220,32	220,32
14-19	1160		2173,84	1086,92	1086,92
1	2	3	4	5	6
15-16	1000		604	302	334
16-17	640		194,56	97,28	435,66
17-18	920		251,16	125,58	338,38
18-19	960		1107,84	553,92	766,72
19-24	400		795,2	397,6	848,8
20-21	1000		632	316	316
21-22	640		99,84	49,92	93,34
22-23	920		86,48	43,24	43,42
23-24	960		902,4	451,2	451,2
1-10	880		329,12	164,56	164,56
10-15	1160		515,04	257,52	289,52
15-20	400		64	32	32
2-11	880		612,48	306,24	656,74
11-16	1160		686,72	343,36	343,36
16-21	400		126,4	63,2	788,36
3-12	880		618,64	309,32	1050,16
12-17	1160		379,32	189,66	528,04
4-13	880		577,28	288,64	288,64
13-18	1160		421,08	210,54	423,34
18-23	400		425,6	212,8	212,8
5-9	480		276,48	138,24	1495,08
TOTAL:

General principles for performing Gcal calculations

The calculation of kW for heating involves the performance of special calculations, the procedure for which is regulated by special regulations. The responsibility for them lies with the communal organizations that are able to help in the performance of this work and give an answer on how to calculate Gcal for heating and decipher Gcal.

Of course, such a problem will be completely eliminated if there is a hot water meter in the living room, since it is in this device that there are already pre-set readings that display the received heat. By multiplying these results by the established tariff, it is fashionable to obtain the final parameter of the consumed heat.

Text from the document roop

1. Type of installed boilers E-35\14

2. Load mode maximum-winter

3. Steam consumption for technological production noodles (t \ hour) 139

4. Heating load of the residential area (Gcal/h) 95

5. Heat content of steam (Kcal\kg) 701

6. Losses inside the boiler room % 3

7.Steam consumption for auxiliary needs of the boiler house (t/h) 31

8.Feed water temperature (gr) 102

9.Temperature of the condensate of the heating steam of the heater (gr) 50

10.Heat loss from the heater to the environment % 2

11.Number of hours of using the thermal load for technical needs 6000

12. Location of the Peterburgenergo boiler house

13. Number of hours of using the maximum heating load of the residential settlement 2450

14. Type of fuel used 1var Kemerovo coal

2var Pechersky coal

3var Gas

15. Efficiency of boilers 1var 84

2 var 84

3 var 91.4

16. Calorie equivalent of fuel 1 var 0.863

2 var 0.749

3 var 1.19

17. Fuel price (rub\ton) 1var 99

2var 97.5

3var 240

18. Fuel transportation distance (km) 1var 1650

2var 230

19. Railway tariff for transportation of fuel (rub\63t) 1var 2790

2var 3850

20. Consumption of chemically treated water for blowing down boilers % 3

21. Steam separation coefficient 0.125

22. Condensate return from production % 50

23. Feeding the heating system (t/h) 28.8

24 Losses of chemically treated water in the cycle % 3

25. Cost of chemically cleaned reins (rub\m3) 20

26. Depreciation rate for equipment % 10

27. Specific capital costs for the construction of a boiler house (thousand rubles \ t steam \ hour) gas, fuel oil 121

coal 163

28. Annual payroll fund with accruals per employee of operational personnel (thousand rubles / year) 20.52

Calculation of annual operating and capital costs for prom. boiler room

Dg tech \u003d Dh tech * Ttech

Dg tech\u003d 139 (t / h) * 6000 (h) \u003d 834000 (t / year)

Dh those — hourly steam consumption for technological needs of production

Ttech — the number of hours of use of the heat load for technological needs

Dg sn \u003d Dh sn * Tr

Dg sn\u003d 31 (t / h) * 6000 (h) \u003d 186000 (t / year)

Tr - the number of hours of operation of the boiler room

Dh sn — hourly steam consumption for own needs

Dg sp \u003d (Qh heating - Gsp*Tp*Sr*10^-3)*10^3/(ip p — iTo)*0.98

Dh sp=(98(Gcal/h)-28.8(t/h)*103(g)*4.19(KJ/kg g)*10^(-3))*10^3/(701(Kcal/kg)-50 (gr)*4.19(KJ/kg gr)*0.98)=177.7(t/h)

Dg sp \u003d Dh sp * Tr

Dg cn \u003d 177.7 (t / h) * 6000 (h) \u003d 1066290 (t / year)

Qh heating — heating load of the residential area

Gcn — average hourly consumption of make-up water for feeding the heating system (t/h)

Tp — make-up water temperature

Wed - heat capacity of water (KJ / kg * g)

ip p is the enthalpy of fresh water

iTo — enthalpy of condensate

Dg cat \u003d (Dg those + Dg sn + Dg cn)0.98

Dg cat=(834000(t/year)+ 186000(t/year)+1066290(t/year))*0.98=2044564(t/year)

Dg tech — annual steam production for technological needs

Dg sp — annual steam production for own needs

Dg sp — annual steam production for network heaters

Qg cat \u003d Dg cat * (iPP-tn c)*10^-3

Qg cat=2044564(t/year)*(701(Kcal/kg)-102(g)*4.19(KJ/kg g))*10^-3=559434(GJ/year)

Dg cat — (t steam/year)

ip p,tp c — enthalpy of live steam and feed water (KJ/kg)

Vgu cat= Qg cat29.3*EfficiencyMode*EfficiencyCot

Vgu cat1=559.4(MJ/year)*10^(3)/29.3(MJ/kg)*0.97*0.84=23431.7(toe/year)

Vgu cat2=559.4(MJ/year)*10^(3)/29.3(MJ/kg)*0.97*0.84=23431.7(toe/year)

Vgu cat3=559.4(MJ/year)*10^(3)/29.3(MJ/kg)*0.97*0.914=21534.6(toe/year)

Qg cat — annual fuel productivity (GJ/year)

29.3 — calorific value of reference fuel (MJ/kg)

efficiency — boiler room efficiency

efficiency — coefficient taking into account fuel losses in non-stationary mode

Vg cat = Vg catKe

Vgn cat1=23431.7(toe/year)/0.863=27151(toe/year)

Vgn cat2=23431.7(toe/year)/0.749=31284(toe/year)

Vgn cat3=21534.6(toe/year)/1.19=18096(toe/year)

Vgu cat — conditional fuel (toe/year)

Ke — calorie equivalent (toe/tnt)

Counters

What data is needed for heat metering?

It's easy to guess:

1. The flow rate of the coolant passing through the heating devices.
2. Its temperature at the inlet and outlet of the corresponding section of the circuit.

Two types of meters are used to measure flow.

Vane meters

Meters intended for heating and hot water differ from those used on cold water only in the material of the impeller: it is more resistant to high temperatures.

The mechanism itself is the same:

• The coolant flow causes the impeller to rotate.
• It transfers the rotation to the accounting mechanism without direct interaction, by means of a permanent magnet.

Despite the simplicity of the design, the counters have a fairly low response threshold and are well protected from data manipulation: any attempt to slow down the impeller with an external magnetic field will run into the presence of an anti-magnetic screen in the mechanism.

Meters with difference recorder

The device of the second type of meters is based on Bernoulli's law, which states that the static pressure in a liquid or gas flow is inversely proportional to its speed.

How to use this feature of hydrodynamics to calculate the coolant flow? It is enough to block his path with a retaining washer. The pressure drop across the washer will be directly proportional to the flow rate through it. By registering the pressure with a pair of sensors, it is easy to calculate the flow in real time.

But what if we are not talking about a closed heating circuit, but about an open system with the possibility of DHW extraction? How to register hot water consumption?

The solution is obvious: in this case, retaining washers and pressure sensors are placed on both the feeder and the feeder. The difference in coolant flow between the threads will indicate the amount of hot water that was used for domestic needs.

In the photo - an electronic heat meter with registration of the pressure drop across the washers.

Definitions

The general approach to the definition of a calorie is related to the specific heat of water and consists in the fact that a calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101,325 Pa
. However, since the heat capacity of water depends on temperature, the size of the calorie determined in this way depends on the heating conditions. By virtue of what has been said and for reasons of a historical nature, three definitions of three different types of calories have arisen and exist.

Previously, the calorie was widely used to measure energy, work, and heat; "calorific value" was the heat of combustion of the fuel. At present, despite the transition to the SI system, in the heat and power industry, heating systems, utilities, a multiple unit of measuring the amount of thermal energy is often used - gigacalorie
(Gcal) (109 calories). To measure the thermal power, the derived unit Gcal / (gigacalorie per hour) is used, which characterizes the amount of heat produced or used by one or another equipment per unit of time.

In addition, the calorie is used in estimates of the energy value (“calorie content”) of foods. Typically, the energy value is indicated in kilocalories
(kcal).

Also used to measure the amount of energy megacalorie
(1 Mcal = 10 6 cal) and teracalorie
(1 Tcal \u003d 10 12 cal).

Calculation of annual operating costs and production cost of 1 Gcal of thermal energy

The name of the articles under which
calculation of annual operating costs
and the order of their calculation is given in table.
13.

Table 13

Production cost calculation
thermal energy

Cost item	Cost of expenses, rub

How to convert tons of coal to Gcal? Convert tons of coal to Gcal
not difficult, but for this, let's first decide on the purposes for which we need it. There are at least three options for the need to calculate the conversion of existing coal reserves into Gcal, these are:

In any case, except for research purposes, where it is necessary to know the exact calorific value of coal, it is sufficient to know that the combustion of 1 kg of coal with an average calorific value releases approximately 7000 kcal. For research purposes, it is also necessary to know where, or from which deposit, we received coal.
Consequently, burned 1 ton of coal or 1000 kg received 1000x7000 = 7,000,000 kcal or 7 Gcal.