Sealing joints and seams

Alternatives

VChSHG

First meeting

Under this abbreviation lies the so-called ductile cast iron with nodular graphite.

To explain the meaning of the term, you need to briefly delve into the jungle of physics.

All the main differences between cast iron and steel - brittleness, low ductility and high resistance to corrosion - are determined by the presence in it of one of the forms of carbon - graphite.
Ordinary graphite has the appearance of miniature flat flakes. However, during recrystallization, which occurs when certain additives (in particular, magnesium and its compounds) are introduced into the gray cast iron melt, it changes its shape to spherical.
At the same time, the physical properties of the metal change significantly: it acquires toughness, ductility and resistance to shock loads, while maintaining corrosion resistance.

What is especially pleasant is that the price of a ton of material changes slightly during transformation. The total proportion of additives that cause carbon recrystallization does not exceed 0.08% by weight of cast iron.

Socketed water pipes from ductile iron today are the main alternative to gray cast iron.

In terms of compressive and bending strength, they are superior to cast iron pipes, not to mention all types of polymer pipes. Accordingly, water supply lines can be laid with ductile iron pipes under busy highways and on unstable soils. They have all the qualities of steel, except for their Achilles' heel - low resistance to corrosion.
The problem of time-consuming and low-tech chasing of bells has been completely solved. Instead of embossing, bells with annular rubber seals are used. Of course, with significant pipe sizes, the assembly of sockets involves the use of heavy equipment; however, the mass of these pipes will in any case prevent manual installation of the pipeline.

Sealing joints and seams

Normative documents

The production of elements of pressure pipelines from ductile iron is regulated by a separate standard - GOST R ISO 2531-2008.

Let's highlight its key points.

According to the document, pipes and fittings can have nominal sizes from 40 to 2600 millimeters, which makes it possible to use ductile iron to create highways that feed entire cities.
The composition of the metal, according to GOST, should not have a harmful effect on the composition of water.
The length of the pipes is regulated by the standard depending on their nominal diameter:

The maximum allowable curvature is no more than 0.125% of the pipe length.

As an external coating of the pipeline, depending on the operating conditions, the following can be used:

Metal zinc.
Zinc paint (zinc powder in a polymer binder).
Polyethylene.
Polyurethane.
Fiber cement.
Adhesive polymer tape.
Epoxy resin.
Bituminous mastic or paint.

For internal protection of pipes and fittings, the use of:

Cement mortars (Portland cement, Portland slag cement and aluminous cement).
Polyethylene.
polyurethane.
Epoxy resin.
Bituminous paint (mastics).

The marking of pipeline elements should indicate:

Manufacturer (name or trademark).
Year of manufacture.
Indication of the material (VChShG).
nominal size.
The standard to which the product is manufactured.

Polyethylene

Polyethylene pressure pipes are the main alternative to cast iron plumbing today.

Sealing joints and seams

A detailed acquaintance with them is clearly beyond the scope of our material, so we will pay attention only to their key properties.

The service life of polyethylene is estimated by manufacturers to be a vague "50+" years. In practice, this material can be considered almost eternal.
Deposits on the walls, which reduce the lumen of the pipe, cannot be in principle. The smooth surface of the polymer with extremely low adhesive qualities simply does not allow blockages to form.
All connections are made by butt welding.The strength of the joint is at least 80% of the strength of the whole pipe.

The only claim to polyethylene, which allows cast-iron pipes to remain on the market to this day, is high ductility and, as a result, very moderate ring stiffness. A polyethylene main pipeline can be laid in deformable soil only with protection by a reinforced concrete gutter.

Chasing pipes

When assembling a system consisting of cast-iron pipes, it is necessary to foresee a method for closing the gaps that remain invariably between the outer side of the inserted part of the pipe and the inner surface of the socket. That is, you should think about how to mint cast-iron pipes. There are two ways to solve the problem, let's consider them in more detail.

Sealing of sockets with cement mixture

The chasing technology looks like this:

Resin seal installation.

caulk the resin tourniquet into the socket up to 2/3 of its depth;
when forming the first rope ring, wrap the end of the bundle over the ring so that it does not fall into the pipe.

The use of cement mortar.

mix cement marking 300-400 with water (by weight) in a ratio of 9:1;
the place remaining after compaction of the bundle in the socket should be filled with cement mortar;
firmly strike the cement with a chasing and a hammer until the chasing rebounds from the cement;
for a better setting of the solution after caulking, cover it with a wet rag.

To increase work productivity, it is worth using broadened caulking and embossing, which will speed up the process by about 30%.

If work is carried out in winter, cement should be mixed with hot water, and the joints must be insulated after sealing.

Sealing of sockets with asbestos cement

Another way to caulk a cast-iron pipe is to use an asbestos-cement mixture. The process has two differences:

A dry mixture of asbestos fiber and cement is prepared by mixing them in a ratio of 1:2.
Before direct use, the dry mixture is moistened with water: from 10 to 12% of the initial mass of the mixture.

The chasing technology itself looks similar to the first method.

On this, a rather laborious work - chasing and / or chasing cast-iron pipes - is completed. To achieve the best result, however, such work should be entrusted to qualified specialists. Only in this case, you can be sure that everything will be done correctly, and you will not have to deal with more complex repairs, eliminating the flaws of poor-quality installation or dismantling.

The main advantage of cast iron is durability, its main disadvantage is brittleness. These two features must be taken into account when maintaining and repairing cast iron pressure pipes. The brittleness of cast iron imposes certain requirements on the connection of cast iron pipes. It must be strong and tight on the one hand, and sufficiently elastic on the other. The fact is that pipes laid in the ground do not lie motionless. Soils are also characterized by shrinkage and blurring. When freezing, the water in the ground expands. All this leads to the movement of the soil. The pipe, as they say, "walks". Traditionally this problem is solved chasing pipes
- connecting pipes in such a way that there is a margin of elasticity at the joints. The smooth end of one pipe is inserted into the socket of the other. A small 3-5 mm gap remains at the junction, which is caulked two-thirds of the depth with a resin strand (cabole). The strand is a thin rope, which is inserted into the gap in layers. After each turn, the strand is compacted with a caulk - a special tool. Such a connection allows you to connect the pipe hermetically, but with a margin of elasticity. To increase the strength of the joint, the remaining third of the gap is cemented or filled with lead. The second option is more reliable and preferable, because. connections in pressure pipes experience significant loads.Both procedures are quite complex and time-consuming. Cement behaves capriciously at high or low humidity, work with the melting of lead requires dexterity and additional preparations. More advanced methods of connecting cast-iron pressure pipes are currently being used. For example, a socket with a rubber sealing ring and a socket-screw connection. But these compounds began to be used relatively recently. Recall that the advantage of cast iron is durability. The service life of cast iron pressure pipes is more than a hundred years. And, therefore, pipelines made according to old technologies are still actively exploited.

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Video

We bring to your attention a video dedicated to chasing a fan tee.

Something, but there was a lot of cast iron in the Soviet Union! All technologies were developed taking into account the use of this particular material. So in the laying of sewers, cast iron is still very much in demand. Of course, cast iron has many very significant advantages - it can withstand heavy loads, which allows you to assemble risers on many floors, it is durable, can perform its function for decades in damp or cold rooms, paint fits well on a cast-iron pipe, that is, it can be beautifully entered into design. In a word, a cast iron sewer pipe is a solid, durable thing. But in this thoroughness lies its main drawback. It is very difficult to disassemble, if necessary, a part of such a pipeline. And sometimes this is an urgent need. For example, you need an additional outlet or an existing outlet has become unusable. How to proceed?

Chased pipe before starting work

The best thing is when the work is done by a professional, a master of his craft. In this case, you can be sure of the quality and efficiency of the work performed. But this option is not always possible. Often, plumbing has to wait for weeks, and their prices, to put it mildly, are overpriced. It happens that this "master" has no experience in such works. Not all those who wear plumbing overalls are such.

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Varieties of installation

The pipeline can be located vertically or horizontally. The choice of the method of installing communications is determined by the intended purpose of the connected plumbing fixture and the tasks that need to be solved through these pipes. In order to increase the reliability of fixing the structure, special fasteners are used. In each case they are different.

Vertical

The height of the premises is significant - from 2.5 m. To prevent the pipe from "walking" in the opening of the ceiling, steel clamps are used. They are recommended to be installed under the butt joint (under the socket).The clamp securely holds the pipeline, because it completely covers it in diameter. Fasteners are fixed on the wall. They are installed with some step.

Horizontal

The principle of pipe support in this case is similar to that previously considered. In this case, the fasteners are arranged with equal spacing. Clamps in this case do not provide the desired result, it is recommended to use hanging hooks, brackets, consoles. All fastening elements must be made of metal, steel products are more often used. They are durable and last for a long time.

Preparatory work

Products are checked for defects. External characteristics are evaluated: the pipes should not have dents, cracks, bumps and spots. It is recommended to use communications characterized by a flat surface of the walls. You can lightly tap on the products. In different places, the sound should be the same. The condition of the cut is also evaluated. Its structure should be homogeneous, fine-grained.

If you plan to change cast iron pipes, you must first dismantle the old communications. For this purpose, a hammer is prepared (for horizontally oriented products), a grinder. The sawing of the riser is carried out only with the help of a grinder. It is not recommended to use a hammer in this case, since individual parts can get into the pipe lumen, which will lead to hard-to-remove blockage. Before installing communications, it is necessary to block the water riser. In the case when the connection of the toilet bowl is changed, the drain should not be used for some time.

Avoiding problems

It must be remembered that the technical characteristics of cast iron are not ideal. Products made from such material are quite fragile. Low-quality cast iron is subject to deformation when exposed to liquid, as well as the processes that take place in it. Changing temperature regimes can also negatively affect the resistance of such pipes, which reduces their ability to carry strong pressures.

The process of chasing cast iron sewer pipes, as can be seen from the article, is quite simple. As for the installation, here you will need to work a little.

The element to be installed must be qualitatively strengthened at the junction by applying a layer of resin. A tighter fixation can be achieved with the help of special tools. They are sold in hardware stores.

If your plumbing system needs partial replacement, then this process should not be postponed. This is due to the fact that even the smallest crack can grow in a fairly short time, which will entail high costs.

Standard

The current iron standard was introduced in 1977; the last changes were made to the text quite recently, in 2011. So, what should be the cast-iron pipes for water supply in accordance with GOST 9583-95?

Dimensions

The standard provides for cast-iron water pipes of three classes according to wall thickness - LA, A and B.

Conditional passage, mm	Wall thickness, mm
LA	A	B
65	6,7	7,4	8,0
80	7,2	7,9	8,6
100	7,5	8,3	9,0
125	7,9	8,7	9,5
150	8,3	9,2	10,0
200	9,2	10,1	11,0
250	10,0	11,0	12,0
300	10,8	11,9	13,0
350	11,7	12,8	14,0
400	12,5	13,8	15,0
500	14,2	15,6	17,0
600	15,8	17,4	19,0
700	17,5	19,3	21,0
800	19,2	21,1	23,0
900	20,6	22,3	25,0
1000	22,5	24,8	27,0

The mass of a linear meter of the pipe varies from 11.3 kg (65 mm, class LA) to 627 kg (1000 mm, class B). The standard provides for the production of socket pipes of measured length (2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9 and 10 meters) and random lengths from 2 to 10.5 m.

Sealing joints and seams

Requirements

The transition of the cylinder into the socket can be made with a slope or in the form of a ledge.

The dimensions of cast iron pipes for water supply may differ from the nominal within the following limits:

The length of the measuring pipe is + -20.
Wall thickness - -1 + 0.5.
Outer diameter (up to 300 mm) - + - (4.5 + 0.0015D).
Outer diameter (over 300 mm) - + (4.0 + 0.0015D) - (5.0 + -0.0015D).
The inner diameter in the socket is + (2.5 + 0.002 D) - (1.5 + 0.002D).

The ovality cannot lead the pipe beyond the normalized deviations from the nominal size. The deviation of the actual mass of the pipe from the calculated one cannot exceed five percent.Pipes undergo hydraulic pressure tests, which are determined by their class and nominal size.

Sealing joints and seams

The end of the pipe, opposite the socket, must be cut perpendicular to its axis with a deviation of not more than 0.5 degrees.

Inside and outside of the product are covered with a protective non-toxic material. In this case, the coating should not interfere with the sealing of the butt joint, peel off and soften at temperatures up to +60 C.

In what cases is chasing performed

This work is justified when it is necessary to replace a damaged cast-iron element of the system. It is also carried out in the case when the deformation cannot be corrected at the accident site. Damage to cast iron pipes is a fairly common problem, despite their increased strength. This material is very sensitive to water, chemical processes, temperature changes. As a result, the elements of the system cease to withstand the previous loads, and a decision has to be made on repair work.

If a crack has formed in the pipe, measures must be taken without delay, otherwise a small problem can lead to an emergency.

Patching cracks with special solutions is only a temporary measure, so it is better to immediately pay attention to more reliable methods.

Cast iron fittings

The elements are made from wrought iron. Fittings made of this metal can only be used to connect cast iron communications. They are not suitable for steel products. There are several types:

threaded;
compression;
press fittings.

To increase reliability, such products are coated with zinc. According to the connection method, threaded elements are divided into 3 groups:

with internal thread;
external thread;
external-internal thread.

When assembling the pipeline, different shaped elements are used, which are different in shape and configuration:

revision - used to eliminate blockage, with the help of such an element, preventive cleaning of the system is performed;
coupling - allows you to join pipes of the same diameter;
cross - used to change the direction of the pipeline, create several directions;
transitions - used when connecting communications of different diameters;
tee - allows you to combine pipelines in three directions or perform wiring;
indent - used in cases where it is necessary to slightly change the direction of the pipeline;
knee - an element with two outlets located at an angle of 90 °;
branch - resembles a knee, however, the angle of rotation of the outlets relative to each other is much smaller (45 ° or less).

Chasing and embossing of cast iron pipes as the basis for the installation and dismantling of elements

For a complete understanding of the essence of caulking, we need an excursion into the technology of socket joining of cast iron pipes. Why are we interested in this particular process? Yes, simply because it is the socket connection of the elements of the cast-iron pipeline that guarantees a fairly quick installation of the entire non-pressure system.

But such a pipeline will leak at the joints of the socket joints. Therefore, to seal the entire system, during the installation of the pipeline, a special operation is used - embossing of cast-iron pipes, which is realized by tamping into the seam between the pipe and the socket of a fibrous sealant of natural origin (kambolka).

Simply put, chasing a joint is one of the operations of the technology for installing a cast iron socket pipeline.

Chasing the pipe is no longer a constructive, but rather a destructive process. After all, to perform the caulking of a cast-iron pipe, we need to repeat in reverse order everything that we did in the process of caulking. That is, we need to remove the sealant (cambol) and release the pipeline joint. But enough explanation - let's move on from theory to practice!

Methods for caulking sewer pipes

In this case, a cement mixture, tow is used.With these materials it is possible to caulk gaps in the socket joint when a rubber gasket is not used. This method is considered the most reliable, due to the use of cement mortar. The chasing technology is implemented in stages:

first, two pipes are connected, and the size of the gap should not be less than 3 mm, otherwise this method will be difficult to implement;
the tow is hammered into the leak between the pipes using a narrow spatula, screwdriver, chasing, the depth of filling the gap is 2/3 of the length of the socket;
the remaining part of the cast-iron expansion of the pipe is sealed with cement mortar.

For greater reliability, cement grades M300, M400 should be used. The better the characteristics of the material, the lower the risk of future leakage.

Correct caulking of the fan tee. Dismantling of the cast-iron sewer. Transition from cast iron to plastic.

Watch this video on YouTube

Use of cement mortar

In order for the connection of cast-iron pipes to serve for a long time, you need to properly prepare the mixture. The recommended ratio of cement and water is 9:1. The remaining free part of the socket is filled with the mixture. Considering that the solution is quite thick, chasing and a hammer should be used to seal when filling the metal cuff. These actions continue until the tool bounces off the solution. To improve the properties of the cement, the suture is closed with a damp cloth.

It is important to firmly fix the pipeline during the work, until the solution completely hardens. You can not use it for the next 2-3 days, because

This may affect the quality of the connection. Cracks appear in the cement layer if the pipeline is deformed during the drying process.

The use of asbestos cement

The addition of asbestos to the solution contributes to additional hardening. In its pure form, this material is not reliable enough. The recommended ratio of cement and asbestos is 2:1. The principle of connecting pipes using this solution is no different from the previously considered case when pure cement is used. For the preparation of asbestos cement, the same amount of water is taken. The result should be a thick mixture.

Work algorithm

Depressurization of cast-iron elements is one of the most difficult tasks for self-repairing sewers. To do the work as quickly and efficiently as possible, it is recommended to prepare all the necessary tools in advance.

For work you need:

grinder (with its help you can cut off part of the pipe);
grinding discs;
goggles, gloves and mask;
soldering iron (useful for heating joints);
hammer;
screwdrivers of different sizes and configurations;
pipe wrench;
chisel.

The sequence of work performed:

The first step before caulking a cast iron sewer pipe is to tap the joint with a hammer.

However, this should be done carefully. Otherwise, you can damage the structure, which will lead to a complete replacement of the riser.
It is also possible to carry out such manipulations, often using a tool made of wood.
As soon as you finish tapping, you should pay attention to the condition of the fasteners

If the pipe runs from side to side, and it is possible to disconnect it, you must do the following
It is necessary to swing the product by prying it with a screwdriver. The rope should be hooked with pliers and carefully pulled out.

If even after frequent and prolonged knocks with a hammer, the pipe did not change its position, we can conclude that the fastening was carried out using sulfuric solution. To remove fasteners, you must first burn the dried mixture. This can be achieved in several stages. The first step is to heat up the joint with a soldering iron. You need to do this in a circle. Next, you need to continue to knock with a hammer, trying not to violate the integrity of the product.If the structure of the elements began to stagger, you can try to dismantle the element with a key.

Having successfully dismantled the product, you should thoroughly clean the joints with a chisel. The emphasis should be on cleaning the edges, as a rubber seal will be installed in this place.
Before installation, the sealing material must be lubricated with a special agent.
The last step is the installation of a new product in the prepared area.

When burning sulfur, it is imperative to wear a protective mask and goggles. They will not allow harmful vapors to enter the body.

Conclusion

In many houses built over the past decades, sewer communications were made mainly of cast iron, because no one then knew pipes made of plastic or polypropylene. Cast iron pipes are durable, do not wear out for a long time, but may require special operating conditions and timely repairs. This applies mainly to intra-apartment risers, the service life of which, for certain reasons, may be less than that of the same fan pipe.

A drain pipe in sewer systems is needed in order to connect sewer risers to the atmosphere. This is done in order to prevent the penetration of unpleasant odors into the room, which constantly appear from plumbing fixtures such as a sink or toilet. In particular, a fan pipe is installed when the house has more than one residential level.

Before installing a new piece of pipe, you first need to remove the old one. Then you need to carry out a process known as caulking of cast iron pipes. Not everyone can do this work with their own hands, because chasing requires a certain skill.