Heating system in Khrushchev scheme, heating device for a five-story building

open

Principle of operation

Schematic diagram of an open type heating system

Open heating systems are independent, since the coolant circulates through the circuit as a result of natural pressure, without the use of a circulation pump. As a rule, solid fuel boilers, including gas-generating boilers, as well as stoves and fireplaces with a water jacket (tanks for heating water) can be used as a heater in such situations.

By the number of circuits, the scheme can be either single-pipe or two-pipe, but it is necessary to observe a slope during installation of 0.01% from the starting point of the coolant supply. Since such calculations are quite difficult to make, we can proceed from calculations of a slope of 8-10 mm per linear meter.

Steel open expansion tank

For the normal operation of such a circuit, the expansion tank must be located above the horizontal coolant supply pipe in order to create column pressure. That is, hot water from the boiler enters the circuit during expansion.

But when the pressure exceeds the norm, it is simply discharged into the expansion tank, and when the coolant cools, as a result of column pressure, it returns back to the circuit. Such containers in private homes are usually installed in the attic.

The circulation of water in such systems is quite slow, but this allows for uniform heating of pipes, which in such cases should be at least 40 mm in diameter. For this reason, such circuits are most often made of steel, although they can also be made of polypropylene.

Insert of the circulation pump. Photo

But the instruction does not at all interfere with installing an auxiliary pump in an independent open-type system to increase efficiency. As you can see in the top photo, on the main pipe, there is a shut-off valve between the pump stroke.

It is blocked, and the water begins to move through the circulation pump, and when an emergency power outage occurs, the main pipe opens and the stroke is blocked. Increasing the circulation rate of the coolant significantly affects the efficiency of space heating.

Advantages

The main advantage of a single-pipe or two-pipe open type system is its complete independence from third-party energy carriers (power lines, diesel or carburetor power generators).
Installation of open systems does not require special knowledge, as well as a license or permit for the installation and connection of a gas or electric boiler.
Solid fuel boilers or stoves, as a rule, are unpretentious in the use of fuel - in addition to coal and firewood, it can be any organic materials in a dry state.

Flaws

The water in the expansion tank can freeze, so it needs to be insulated, but it is strictly forbidden to add antifreeze so that the liquid does not freeze.
When air pockets form in these places, the pipes undergo corrosion, since natural pressure is not able to push the air through. To eliminate blockages, you need to pump water into the circuit until all the air has escaped.
Low efficiency.

Closed

Operating principle

Scheme of closed heating systems

Closed-type systems in most cases operate on gas, electric, diesel and solid fuel heating boilers and are directly dependent on electricity. Regardless of what fuel the boiler itself runs on, the circulation pump operates exclusively with the help of electricity.

Nevertheless, such systems have gained universal approval and popularity due to their high efficiency and reliability, as well as the automatic control method - in emergency situations on power lines, a diesel or carburetor generator can become a source of electricity.

Expansion tank closed type

Such a system works on the principle of deaeration or automatic adjustment of the maintained pressure using a special, hermetically sealed expansion tank. Such a container consists of two sectors, separated by a membrane of heat-resistant rubber.

In one compartment there is air or nitrogen (if the injection was carried out by the manufacturer), and the coolant enters the second compartment through the safety valve if its pressure exceeds the specified threshold. When the coolant cools down, the pressure in the system drops and the gas squeezes the liquid accumulated there back into the circuit from the reservoir.

Advantages

The expansion tank in such systems can be installed anywhere (above, at the level or below the heating circuit) - in any case, an electric pump is responsible for the circulation of the liquid.
No need to control the volume of coolant in the system (adjusted automatically).
You can apply antifreeze to cancel the possibility of defrosting the system.
Backup boilers can be used to heat the circuit, for example, in addition to the main gas boiler, install a solid fuel or electric unit. Also, all these heaters can work together as a group.
All system parameters are adjusted automatically, therefore, it can be left unattended for a long period by setting the mode you need.

Single-pipe heating systems in Khrushchev. Heating circuit - bypass.

The single-pipe heating scheme used in Khrushchev houses has a significant drawback that I had to face. A single-pipe heating system with hot water supply is carried out through one riser on which the radiator battery of the room is installed, and returns in another way with a much lower coolant temperature through the heating battery in the kitchen.

Having a single-pipe heating circuit available, in my opinion, the only correct option for connecting radiator batteries would be a circuit using a bypass. In order not to make a bypass of a smaller diameter that ensures the passage of the coolant through the battery itself, it is necessary to install an additional ball valve on it. Thus, the scheme of water heating using a bypass will look like this:

Heating circuit - bypass.

The heating scheme using a bypass shows that we did not reduce the diameter of the main riser. By opening the Americans 2 and 3 and then closing the ball valve 1, we get the entire coolant flow with maximum pressure (for pushing through more than 8 sections of the heating radiator) passing through the heating battery. The weak point of this scheme is the need for increased reliability of the ball valve 1 (product quality), since if it fails, it will be necessary to turn off the entire riser. Ball valves 2 and 3 are made in the form of Americans and allow you to quickly install, dismantle or replace batteries at any time by disconnecting from the central single-pipe heating system.

Tips for minimizing heating costs

In addition to upgrading the autonomous heating installation, a number of actions can be taken, the result of which will lead to a decrease in current operating costs and payment for housing and communal services. Given the specific scheme of the heating system in Khrushchev, the installation of heat meters in the apartment is impractical. This is due to the lack of a central riser, i.e. even for a one-room apartment, you will have to install at least three counters - in the bathroom, in the kitchen and in the living room.

The total cost of installing one device can range from 25 to 30 thousand rubles.The way out of this situation is to install a common house meter. It will take into account the amount of heat energy consumed for the entire building. Fortunately, the centralized scheme, characteristic of all types of Khrushchev heating, allows this to be done. As an additional function, a mode for adjusting the supply of coolant depending on the outside temperature can be provided.

For the central heating circuit of a five-story Khrushchev building, a balancing riser can be installed. It will perform the functions of evenly distributing the coolant over all floors of the house. However, what project is carried out only in agreement with the housing office, since it belongs to the category of changing the principle of supplying hot water.

If old steel pipes and radiators are installed in the house, it is recommended to carry out periodic chemical and mechanical cleaning. Before that, the socialists must carefully study the heating scheme of the five-story Khrushchev house in order to draw up a work plan. Cleaning is recommended to be done from the apartments of the upper floors. As a result of this, the permeability of the coolant through pipes and radiators will improve.

Some schemes of Khrushchev heating systems and their arrangement provided for hidden installation of radiators. This method of installation is effective only if the outer walls are insulated.

As an alternative type of heating, you can see the video on installing electric heating elements in radiators.

Replacement of sewer pipes

As a rule, the replacement of the sewer bed and pipes is carried out according to the same principle as plumbing. In any case, you have to start with making calculations and planning future sewers.

layout of plastic sewer pipes

Then you can proceed to the plumbing processes:

when the water is turned off, the old sewer is dismantled. as well as plumbing fixtures

As for the toilet, it is quite difficult to remove it; for this, first, using an adjustable wrench, you need to disconnect the hoses from the tank; pipes located away from the riser can be dismantled with milk, and those that are closer are carefully cut with a grinder; then you need to swing the old parts and pull them out of the tee, while it is important not to damage the socket; a rubber gasket is inserted into the last element, and the joint is coated with a sealing compound; since the toilet is considered the first point for water intake, the installation of a new sewage system must be carried out from it. The connection formed between the pipe and the toilet must be carefully treated with a sealant or silicone compound.

A pipe will be attached at the site of each joint, only it is important to prevent fractures; according to the same principle, sewer pipes are changed, which are diverted to other points of water intake.

Recommended reading: What is an autonomous sewer?

For a better understanding of the process, you can watch the replacement of the sewer in the apartment with your own hands, a video in which everything is clearly explained.

It is mandatory to make the slope of the pipes equal to 2 degrees towards the riser. If you plan to carry out plumbing work, it is best to immediately change the pipes for sewerage, water supply and heating.

Design features of the heating circuit

There are different valves in the heating circuit behind the elevator unit. Their role cannot be underestimated, since they make it possible to regulate heating in individual entrances or in the whole house. Most often, the adjustment of the valves is carried out manually by employees of the heat supply company, if such a need arises.

In modern buildings, additional elements are often used, such as collectors, heat meters for batteries and other equipment.In recent years, almost every heating system in high-rise buildings is equipped with automation to minimize human intervention in the operation of the structure (read: “Weather-dependent automation of heating systems - about automation and controllers for boilers with examples“). All the described details allow to achieve better performance, increase efficiency and make it possible to distribute heat energy more evenly throughout all apartments.

Central heating

In addition to uneven heating, the Khrushchev heating scheme has other critical flaws:

the inability to regulate the supply of coolant in various heaters (the only way out is to install bypasses for each radiator);
old heating batteries connected to the circuit due to physical wear are covered with limescale from the inside, they cannot fully work, since the normal circulation of the coolant is blocked by blockages and scale.

It is most rational to replace heating devices in all apartments connected to the same riser.

The installation of new heating devices on all floors will result in a round sum, but such measures will give a tangible result instantly.

How is the heating system in Khrushchev

To this day, a significant share of the housing stock is occupied by Khrushchevs - houses that were built as a temporary solution to the problem of urban settlement. The quality of life in Khrushchev, taking into account the natural wear and tear of the building over the period of many years of operation, is not distinguished by comfort and coziness. At the same time, residents are forced to put up with other problems, including poor-quality heating during the cold season.

Most Khrushchev houses are heated by old heating appliances that do not have proper heat dissipation and do not cope well with their functions in the heating system. Therefore, residents of such houses resort to various methods to improve the quality of heating their apartments.

Alternative heating methods in Khrushchev

It should be borne in mind that making autonomous heating is not so simple. The owner of an apartment in Khrushchev needs to obtain a lot of permits, and this option for optimizing the heating system is not always realistic. Residents of Khrushchev houses are denied permits for individual heating due to low main pressure in the circuit, non-compliance of chimneys with the required standards, violation of fire safety standards, etc.

Installing a fireplace with a water jacket only makes sense if the water heater is to be installed in another source and the fireplace will only serve as the main heating device. First of all, this is an economic account - the heating system should be the same as the boiler supply. For the same reason, it is not recommended to have a fireplace as the only source of heat, because the efficiency and ability to regulate the heat of the fireplace is much less than the boiler's output. This is just a temporary solution - for example, if there is no space for a boiler room, but in the future it will be possible to install a gas boiler in the kitchen or in the bathroom.

When choosing to use additional heating devices powered by electricity in Khrushchev, you should make sure that the wiring can withstand high loads.

Using the recommendations given in the review, the owner of an apartment in a five-story Khrushchev building will be able to optimize the heating system and achieve comfortable temperature conditions in his home. Do not forget about the periodic maintenance of the heating system, which must be carried out from time to time. It will help extend the life of the heating devices installed in the apartment and maintain the achieved heat transfer rates.

Residential building heating

The water jacket must be connected in accordance with the rules of an open heating system and therefore cannot directly drive floor heating or panel heaters. Although some boilers are equipped with protection against excessive water temperature, they also formally require connection to an open system.

Heating system installation

Of course, this does not exclude the possibility of cooperation with a closed installation, but it requires the installation of a heat exchanger that separates the boiler circuit from the radiator and the expansion of the control system. To install a water jacket, we must connect not only the water supply and sewerage systems: fill the system and drain the water from the overflow of an open vessel so that the system can protect the installation from overheating. This system opens a valve-controlled thermostat through which water flows. He cools the mantle of the fireplace and drains it down the drain.

Each owner does everything to ensure that his house has enough comfort, warmth and coziness. Especially if it is a country house, cottage or just a small cottage. The fact is that this is not a well-appointed apartment located in city blocks, you can also remember about Khrushchev apartments and where utilities do everything.

In the case of a private house, questions arise related to thinking through communications, how to come up with a scheme for installing a heating system, as well as water supply and sewerage. This is all the responsibility of the owner and should be done at the stage when the house is still being designed.

In the case of an already built house, the installation of communications is associated with serious problems, both financial and organizational. Heating can, of course, be installed, but not all heating system schemes can be implemented.

Secondly, as a result, the interior of the house as a result can seriously change. When engineering communications are thought out when designing a house, aesthetics are not violated and, if necessary, access to all systems will be free for their maintenance.

Installation of the bypass jumper and ball valves

The sections of the DHW pipe into which the heated towel rail will be connected must be connected to each other with a jumper. The need for this complicating element is obvious:

It is better to make the connection to the bypass from stainless pipes.

in the event of a malfunction in the operation of the coil, a visit to the housing office will not be required to apply for a new water shutdown;
work on installing and connecting a heated towel rail does not have to be carried out strictly on time, for which the water was turned off.

This is especially true for those who are waiting for the replacement of the heated towel rail in the "Khrushchev" on their own and without sufficient experience.

How is the bypass arranged (Fig. 1)? If it becomes necessary to turn off the heated towel rail later for repair, it is enough to close the ball valves at the inlet and outlet of the water flow from the coil. The open faucet on the jumper will allow not to deprive the housemates of hot water while the coil is being replaced or repaired.

What you need to install a bypass:

three ball valves;
pipe sections of the required length;
connecting elements: tees with a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the pipeline, 2 pcs.;
Adjustable wrench.

Install tees at the ends of the pipe leading to the hot water supply system so that a pipe segment can be laid between them, connecting the water flow in them.
Connect two short pieces of pipe with a ball valve and install this structure between the branches of the tees. Threaded connections should be sealed with FUM tape or linen winding. Crane open.
Install ball valves on the remaining free ends of the tees, to which the heated towel rail will subsequently be connected. Move valves to "closed" position.

With this position of the three taps, water will pass through the jumper without entering the heated towel rail coil.

Heating circuits determined by piping

The difference between these heating systems lies in the principles of connecting heating devices to the boiler. It can be a serial or one-pipe connection, parallel or two-pipe and radial, it is also a collector.

Sequential heating system

In a heating system with one pipe, the hot coolant enters all heating devices in order, in each it gives off part of the heat. Such wiring diagrams of heating systems are the simplest, and the least components and materials are required for its implementation.

Heating system in Khrushchev scheme, heating device for a five-story building

The main disadvantage of such a system is that the amount of heat released decreases depending on the increase in distance from the boiler.

Heating scheme with two pipes

In this heating system, two pipes are suitable for each heater - with a hot coolant, direct, and already with a cold one, return. The system has undoubted advantages, but they are “paid for” by a double set of pipes laid in the house.

Heating system in Khrushchev scheme, heating device for a five-story building

Radiant heating system

This system differs from the others in that a separate pair of pipes is laid to each heater - both direct and reverse current. They then converge near the boiler on special combs. The total length of the pipes is longer than in a two-pipe system.

No connections are made in these pipes and they are balanced before putting it into operation. That is, the coolant flow rate is adjusted for each loop separately.

Heating system in Khrushchev scheme, heating device for a five-story building

Such a system solves issues related to the regulation of heat transfer for each heater in a single pipe system. Each battery has shut-off valves and with its help the coolant flow through it is regulated.

In addition, a shunt is made in the form of a bypass pipe having a smaller diameter. This shunt keeps the fluid circulating even if the taps on the battery are completely closed.

Heating system in Khrushchev scheme, heating device for a five-story building

Additional measures

Even after new heating batteries for an apartment are installed, prices for which depend on their type, residents of Khrushchev may note the insufficient efficiency of central heating.

Single-pipe heating systems in Khrushchev. Heating scheme - bypass

The hot air distribution system must be adjusted so that the rooms are heated with sufficient air at the lowest possible temperature and flow out of the diffusers without causing a noticeable rush. Excessive airflow will be felt as discomfort, which is exacerbated by increased noise in the installation.

The heating parameters of the fireplace - temperature and air flow - should be specified in the installation design, but adjustments are necessary during use due to predictable changes in operating conditions. This will not provide even a very large fan.

Autonomous heating in Khrushchev

In order to radically solve the problem of cold batteries and low air temperature in Khrushchev, the owner of the apartment can implement an autonomous heating project. The project provides for the installation of a separate boiler in the apartment and the availability of a well-designed project that regulates the technical conditions for which the autonomous heating system will operate.

If the heating of the fireplace is insufficient, either the temperature of the heating air or the intensity of its inflow must be increased. Therefore, a house heated by a fireplace must have very good thermal insulation: this will not only save fuel, but also provide more comfort for heating users. This reduces the demand for heat both during severe frosts and during the remaining periods of the heating season, which will reduce the most important heating parameters, i.e. temperature and airflow.

The adjustment of the heating power depends on the actual conditions, which we obtain mainly by changing the intensity of combustion in the fireplace while maintaining a constant flow. However, sometimes it is necessary to adjust the amount of air, for example, the initial setting of the flow or turning off some rooms from heating.

The boiler for Khrushchev is selected in accordance with the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment.

Often, a device with a power of 7-8 kW is enough to heat a two-room apartment with an area of sixty square meters. According to the regulations, the boiler must have a closed combustion chamber, be equipped with a coaxial chimney and be installed in accordance with the recommendations specified by the manufacturer.

For this purpose, dampers are installed on separate branches of the pipeline system. Swivel tabs, hidden in pipes in the ceiling or behind screens on the walls, and in combination with elastic straps, allow you to dampen or increase the airflow. Anemostats are used for precise flow control, i.e. diffusers with an adjustable slot through which air flows.

Heating scheme with two pipes

Note. Excessive suffocation of the airflow increases the noisiness of the airflow, which is undesirable, especially in the bedroom. A fireplace insert is usually chosen for its power and appearance. Theoretically, the rated power of the fireplace should correspond to the demand for thermal energy in a particular building. However, the fireplace is not a gas boiler, and it is almost impossible to constantly maintain the rated power.

Contour conversion

In addition to the boiler, the existing circuit will have to be converted. Bu heating batteries and new radiators can be connected to it, which are tied with a pipeline in accordance with the heating scheme. Depending on the required heat output, low radiators installed under the window sill, as well as standard radiators, can be used in the heating circuit.

Due to the fact that for the operation of the fireplace, he needs work related to shooting and maintaining the fire, we also need to pay attention to the following features of the cartridge, which affect the convenience of work. Combustion chamber size

In a larger chamber, it is unlikely to add and provide heat for longer than a small chamber. The fixture in the chimney must ensure that the chimney is closed.

In addition to the air that, after heating, is distributed around the house, the fireplace must also be included in the necessary for the combustion process. Through the air distributors, the air enters the room where the fireplace is located, and then under the fireplace through the opening under the fireplace door. Air is supplied directly outside the house under the hearth. . Regardless of aesthetic values, good thermal insulation of the cartridge must be ensured so that the case does not overheat.

Do-it-yourself installation of bimetallic heating radiators.

Even before installing heating radiators in an apartment with your own hands, you need to decide on the installation parameters. To install a radiator operating only on the principle of convection, the following technological distances are required:

from the floor to the radiator 10-15 cm. - providing a gap for air flow.
similarly, from the radiator to the window sill 10-15 cm. - providing a gap for air outflow.
the distance from the rear side to the wall is 3-5 cm. Without taking into account the thermal insulation mounted on the wall before installation.

As mentioned earlier, bimetallic radiators will be installed (Italy). Before we are going to connect the heating radiators to the general network, it is necessary to drain the coolant from the central heating system. This operation in my case was closed by drawing up an agreement with the ZhEK on a certain date and paying a receipt.

An employee of the ZhEKa, who appeared in the morning, said that everything was ready and you could start.

First of all, we install the body kit of the battery. To do this, we need 3 through-hole plugs for connecting two inlet American women and one for installation on the upper left side of the Mayevsky faucet, which will help bleed air when the system is started. In the lower left part, we will simply install a stub. A very important point, as for me, is to use only tow and paste for threaded connections and in no case fum tape, which I consider the weakest link when using. After the body kit of the heating battery (bimetallic) is assembled, we begin the actual work on the riser. As you can see in the photo below, we start work by cutting off the cast-iron battery itself with a grinder (cuts 1 and 3), remove it and start cutting the riser at point 2. Now we take two pipe wrenches, one of which we hold the pipe going to the neighbor from the top and unscrew the second that part of the pipe we do not need, on which the old (non-working crane) is located. Then it’s all a matter of technology, we cut the thread at cut points 2.3 with a lerka and assemble a structure from a tee, extension cords and ball valves, two of which are with an American (seen on the right side of the photo below). After we have everything assembled, we attach a bimetallic heating radiator and lightly bait the Americans by installing it, for example, on books or any other stand when using the building level. Now we can mark the mounting points of the radiator on the wall. We remove the radiator and at the indicated points we make holes for the dowels with a puncher, where we then screw in a standard bracket 170 mm. The distance from the wall can be adjusted by twisting/unscrewing the bracket. Additionally, you can use screens for heating radiators that are mounted on the wall before installing the battery and reflect heat back into the room without allowing the wall to be heated.

Yes, I haven’t forgotten yet, the entrances to the heating battery have their own distance between the axes, which in my case is 50 cm. So, when assembling a heating system with a bypass and outgoing taps, this parameter must be taken into account, and the distance between the axes of American women will similarly be equal to 50 cm.

Heating system in Khrushchev scheme, heating device for a five-story building

This completes the installation of heating batteries in the apartment and only requires cleaning the heating pipes and subsequent painting. What happened as a result can be seen in the photo below.

Heating system in Khrushchev scheme, heating device for a five-story building

Calculation of radiator sections. Heat dissipation of radiators.

Before performing calculations, it is necessary to be sure that other factors affecting heat savings, such as external insulation, replacement with new windows and slopes, are completed.

To calculate the heating radiator sections, we need the initial data:

power of one section of the radiator (heat dissipation of radiators).
heated room area.
the required heat output per square meter of the room.

For my case (sectional radiators), the power of one section of the radiator (heat dissipation of radiators) is 180 W and the area of the heated room is 15 square meters. According to SNiP, 100 W of thermal power is required per square meter of a room. We get the formula:

Number of radiator sections = 15 (room area) x 100 / 180 (section heat dissipation)

We get the value of the number of radiator sections equal to 8.3. We round this value up and get the value 9, and given the fact that manufacturers really overestimate the power value of the section a little, I decided to add one more. Thus, for my rooms, the number of heating radiator sections came out equal to 10. When calculating the radiator sections, I did not take into account the fact that a warm floor would be made in the kitchen, since it was made not for heating, but for a comfortable temperature.

After drying the flooded floors and replacing the heating radiators, I was able to start laying the laminate in the rooms.

How is the heating system in Khrushchev

Central heating

The centralized heating system in Khrushchev is implemented using a single-pipe radiator piping. According to the scheme, the coolant is distributed along the contour, starting from the fifth floor. As it passes through the system, the cooled coolant enters the basement (in the basement). At the same time, room heating batteries located on different floors of the Khrushchev will differ greatly in terms of temperature and heat transfer.

In addition to uneven heating, the Khrushchev heating scheme has other critical flaws:

the inability to regulate the supply of coolant in various heaters (the only way out is to install bypasses for each radiator);
old heating batteries connected to the circuit due to physical wear are covered with limescale from the inside, they cannot fully work, since the normal circulation of the coolant is blocked by blockages and scale.

Khrushchev residents can solve the problem of inefficient heating by installing modern radiators and pipelines in the apartment

To understand how to choose the right heating batteries for an apartment, it is important to study the performance characteristics of heaters made of different metals. In recent years, polymer pipelines and bimetallic radiators have been in demand.

But the owner can choose any other type of heating appliances that meets his financial capabilities and requirements.

It is most rational to replace heating devices in all apartments connected to the same riser.

The installation of new heating devices on all floors will result in a round sum, but such measures will give a tangible result instantly.

Additional measures

Even after new heating batteries for an apartment are installed, prices for which depend on their type, residents of Khrushchev may note the insufficient efficiency of central heating.