Storm sewage device and features of operation

Features of the installation and use of storm drainage

Storm sewer, or storm sewer, is a type of surface drainage. Properly installed, this system is able to reliably protect the site from excess water generated due to precipitation.

It will be very useful and important for owners of private houses and summer cottages to learn all the nuances of the preparatory work and the features of the stages of installing a storm drain with their own hands

The very first thing that the owner of the site needs to find out is the composition and structure of the soil. It is advisable to check the level of groundwater with surveyors. This is necessary to know if the installation of a closed drainage system is necessary.

It is also extremely important to choose the right method for discharging water discharged from the surface of the site.

The discharge of the collected water can be organized directly by gravity or forced by a drainage pump installed in the well to collect water. The first (natural) method can only be used if the slope of the site is sufficient for the water to drain by gravity. Otherwise, you will have to create a forced flow of water.

Anyone who lives on a flat area needs to artificially create a pressure of water discharged from the site. The water collection point should be installed at the lowest point of the site. The correct calculation of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe water intake is an important step in the installation of storm sewers. The capacity of the entire water collection and drainage system depends on the volume of the receiving reservoir. The larger the area of ​​the site, the greater the length of the entire drainage system, which significantly increases the number of trays for collecting water and the cost of the entire system.

The cost of the trays themselves depends on the external mechanical load applied to them. Consideration should be given to where the water intakes should be located: whether these will be places for pedestrians, or channels will be laid in places for cars to pass. The weight of the machine itself should also be taken into account when choosing drainage trays. The construction industry produces a line of drainage trays, which are classified depending on the load they can withstand. There are five categories on the market: from A15 to F 900. The number indicates the possible load. For example, the F 900 is designed for cars weighing 90 tons, and the A15 can only withstand light vehicles of 1.5 tons.

In conclusion, it can be noted that it is quite possible to carry out work on the creation of a surface drainage system on a personal plot on your own, while strict adherence to all requirements for organizing the necessary water flow and the correct selection of materials is required.

Wastewater systems

There are several types of systems that drain rain and melt water:

1. open type. To divert excess water in this system, open channels, cuvettes, trays are used.
2. closed type. The water collected by special drainage trays enters the rainwater wells (storm water inlets), and then into the pipeline network located underground, through which the runoff is directed to discharge. This network may include facilities for water purification.
3. Mixed type. In this case, some elements of the open type system can be replaced by an underground pipe network.

Rainwater inlet of a closed drainage system

Near each house, a drainage sewage system is necessarily designed to remove excess moisture from its foundation. Sometimes overly thrifty owners are tempted to use this system to divert excess precipitation and spring water.Experts do not recommend doing this, since excess moisture will adversely affect the foundation, leading to its destruction in a shorter time. Rainwater drainage design is absolutely essential and should not be skimped on.

Step by step installation of a storm drain

1. The first stage is characterized by carrying out the necessary calculations for the design of the sewerage system. First, calculations should be made regarding the removal of water from structures, since with its impressive accumulation, deformation and destruction of the external walls of the building may follow. The next move is the calculation of drainage from paved areas (asphalted parking).
2. Having identified areas that need water drainage, a number of actions should be taken so that moisture does not linger there. If we consider the roof of the building, then there are no questions with it - storm water is collected by a gutter system. To save the paths of the yard and parking from the effects of sewage, professionals recommend making a slope during construction, and then the water will naturally go into the existing gutters or water intakes. Note that similar moisture interception devices are also mounted under the ends of downpipes, which absorb water flows coming from the roof of the building.
3. After carrying out the necessary calculations and making drainage gutters and funnels, it is necessary to carry out work regarding the withdrawal of unnecessary moisture into the wastewater treatment system or away from the summer cottage (suburban) area.
4. Drainage can be done in two ways:
   • open - water passes into special openings closed in the upper section with bars;
   • closed - water moves through the underground pipe system to the place of collection and discharge.
5. When installing pipes, it is necessary to be guided by the same laying principle as with gutters, namely, all structures of the storm system must be set at a certain slope towards the catchment area. This angle is calculated in the same way as when installing an external sewer system.
6. Pipes related to the drainage system are not allowed to be deeply buried in the ground. Storm sewer type operates exclusively in the warm season, while it is not afraid of freezing.
7. To prevent clogging of the system, it is necessary to install special filters to collect large particles of debris. In addition, it is recommended to install sand traps that effectively cope with the function of filtering sand particles. With closed pipe laying, in the area where filters and sand traps are installed, manholes and inspection wells should be installed for unscheduled cleaning of drains and routine maintenance.

A do-it-yourself storm sewer installed in a private house in the right order will save the owners of a private house from a large number of puddles, flooding, slush, and also protect the foundation of the building from gradual destruction.

Performing installation work

As with any construction, at the very beginning there are all the necessary preparatory work. At the first stage, a site plan is marked on paper and a drawing of the future drainage system is made, then the necessary calculations of building materials are performed.

Next, the direct preparation of channels for future drainage begins. Trenches must be dug at least 10 cm deep and taking into account the fact that decorative gratings are installed with a slight penetration into the ground. After the channels are dug out and the foundation is created, they begin to pour the concrete mixture. The thickness of the concrete layer is about 10 cm. Then sand traps are installed in the concrete and plastic gutters are already laid on them. To obtain the highest quality and durable drainage, it is recommended to additionally perform waterproofing: lay a waterproofing material (roofing felt or roofing felt) between the gutters and concrete.

The final stage includes connecting the drainage system to the sewer. This is done using a pipe. To top it off, decorative protective grilles are installed.

Varieties of drainage systems

There are two types of drainage system used to drain water on the site. These are deep (closed) drainage and surface drainage. The principle of operation of each of the systems comes directly from their name.

The surface open drainage system performs the function of removing melt water and rainwater from the open area of ​​​​the site and the road surface. The principle of operation of such a drainage system is based on the collection of excess water and its subsequent diversion into the created sewer network.

The surface drainage system consists of open water inlets and storm water inlets. For safety and ease of maintenance of the drainage system, all of its installed elements are equipped with removable steel or cast-iron grates, siphons and waste baskets. This equipment allows you to create a high-quality and durable surface drainage on a personal land plot.

Closed (underground) drainage is designed to lower and divert groundwater from the area close to the surface. Such a drainage system consists of a system of drainage pipes laid in the soil at the desired depth.

To create this system, ditches, manholes and settling tanks are dug on the site in the necessary places. Inside the ditch into which the pipe will be laid, a layer of sand mixed with fine gravel is poured

The equipment of manholes and settling tanks is very important and necessary to control the level of rising water and carry out its purification. A deep closed drainage system must necessarily be used in areas with a close approach to the groundwater surface and if the site is located in wetlands or lowlands

The two presented drainage systems - closed drainage and surface drainage, do not replace each other, as they perform different tasks for draining water from the developed area. It makes no sense to install an underground drainage system when the site is located on a hill or if the groundwater goes below the level mark of 1.5 meters.

If it is necessary to install a deep drainage system, special attention should be paid to the installation of an open drainage system. Properly executed surface drainage helps to reduce the length of the deep drainage system

In this way, the volume of construction work can be significantly reduced and savings in labor costs and equipment costs can be obtained.

The main stages of installation of the drainage system

The equipment of a country house with a storm system can be done independently. To do this, you need to perform the following actions:

• install brackets;
• mount and fix the gutters;
• fix waste pipes and their holders;
• arrange the removal of excess fluid to a pre-selected place.

All connections are checked at each stage of the work.

Installation of drain brackets

To fix the brackets, you must observe the distance between the gutter and the wall, which ranges from 60-80 mm. In this case, no condensation will form. The installation of elements is done in compliance with the slope of the system. It is 5 mm per linear meter of the length of the structure.

First, the marking of the brackets is done. With a roof slope length of about 6 meters, the height difference at two points - the first and last - is 60 cm. A gap of 100-150 mm must be observed from the edge of the roof to the fastener. The step between adjacent brackets ranges from 50-60 cm for metal structures and 30-40 cm for plastic ones.

First, the first upper element is fixed, which is located on the opposite side of the downpipe.The last, lowest bracket is screwed next, after which the twine is pulled between the fasteners and the remaining fragments are marked. Standard self-tapping screws are used for installation.

The funnel must be installed at a distance of 30-60 cm from the edge of the gutter, and the fixation is made 15 cm from it.

Gutter installation

They only need to be assembled and fixed on the brackets. The mounting method depends on the type of system and the material of its manufacture.

Installation of waste pipes and holders

This is the last stage of the assembly of the structure, at which pipes for draining water are installed strictly under the opening of the storm funnel. To fix them, clamps are used, which are screwed to the wall with dowels at a distance of up to 200 cm from each other.

Where does the rain water from the roof of the house go?

After the system is installed, you need to organize a place where rainwater will be collected. There are several options here:

1. Capacity. A barrel is dug into the ground at a distance of 0.5-1 m from the building, to which a drain elbow is directed. It can also be installed on the ground. The collected liquid is used for watering domestic or garden plants.
2. Filtration well. It is a pit, the bottom of which is covered with rubble. After that, a well of concrete rings is mounted.
3. Sewerage. Here you must first obtain permission from the relevant utilities.
4. Drainage or reservoir.

The filtration well is a pit, the bottom of which is covered with rubble.

Stormwater is a mandatory design that allows you to protect the foundation of the house and its walls from the destructive effects of rain, melt water.

Roof drainage elements

The storm system consists of the following elements:

1. Gutter. This is the main part of the structure, which is fixed directly under the slope of the roofing material and receives water flows. It is installed along the perimeter of the structure at a slight slope.
2. Funnel. With its help, water is directed to the drain pipe. To prevent the ingress of large debris or leaves, it is better to equip the funnel in its upper part with a protective mesh.
3. Elements for draining liquid into the sewer.
4. Internal and external corners. Are applied in a difficult design.
5. Couplings. They serve to connect the gutters if the structure is long.
6. Knee. The element is installed at the bottom of the drain and drains the liquid further from the structure.
7. Brackets and clamps. These are connecting elements for pipes and fixing gutters.
8. Stub. It is installed to restrict the flow of water.

Couplings are used to connect the gutters if the structure is long.

You can purchase both a standard system and order the manufacture of an individual project.

Laying rain sewer installation features

As a rule, the storm sewer on the site is mounted exactly according to the same principle as the sewer in the house, and the differences between them are observed only in the materials and nuances of the assembly. The most important difference lies in the slope, which in this case is 3-5 mm per 1 m of a gutter or pipe - it is this slope that allows the flow of water to safely carry away all the garbage with it and not settle it on the pipes. In addition to this nuance, there are a lot of other points related to the direct installation of rain sewers.

1. Instead of plumbing fixtures, water inlets are used in this system - as mentioned above, they are mounted either in places where water is likely to accumulate, or directly under downpipes.

2. The discharge point in this system is not the central city sewer, but a lowland, a river, a beam or just a drain pit - it should be noted that a pit is made separately for rain sewers.
3. All water intakes are combined by means of inspection or revision wells into a single main line, through which water goes to the discharge point. A well is a tee through which, among other things, you can always clean the drainage pipes.
4. Polypropylene pipes are placed on a sand cushion, the thickness of which should be at least 5-10 cm. It is with this cushion and the bottom of the trench that the slope of the pipes is formed.
5. The initial backfilling of pipelines is also carried out with the help of sand - do not throw stones or soil with debris directly onto the pipes. During operation, soil movements occur, and these stones will very quickly disable the rain sewer system.

6. A filter funnel is mounted under the downpipe (in front of the storm water inlet), the task of which is to trap large debris and prevent it from penetrating into the system of pipes and gutters.

In principle, there is nothing complicated here, but for such a system, or rather for specialized material, you will have to pay a lot of money - an open rain sewer system is much cheaper to manufacture on your own. You will also have to buy material for it, but here there is one option - it is made of concrete, and no one will stop you from buying molds for them instead of ready-made trays and casting gutters with your own hands. This is a simple process that almost every man is able to handle.

The only thing I will add at the end of the topic is to remind you that if you are interested in really good rainwater drainage, which will not spoil the interior of the site with the appearance of its gutters, then it is better to choose a closed underground installation system. Yes, it is more difficult to manufacture, but it does not hold advantages.

Why do you need a storm sewer

Storm systems have been known since ancient times and their effectiveness has been proven by time. A well-thought-out storm sewer scheme will get rid of many problems:

— drastically reduce the number of puddles in the yard and get rid of ice;

- reduce the risks of destruction of sidewalks, blind area and building foundations;

- eliminate the likelihood of dampness on the first and basement floors;

- almost completely eliminate the ingress of moisture into the basement;

- exclude the process of waterlogging of the soil or soil erosion;

- does not worry about maintaining the aesthetic appeal of the local area and the building itself.

And most importantly, the storm system helps prevent oversaturation of the soil with moisture.

Types of stormwater:

Spot. The principle of sewerage is an organized network of storm water inlets and connecting pipes. Protective gratings and special sand traps, peculiar filters are necessarily installed on the storm water inlets.

Linear. Such a sewer is a network of channels that allows you to collect and transport water flows, sloping towards the collector. If the required slope on the landscape cannot be achieved, then slopes are set for pumping water.

Storm sewers have another classification:

- Open type, it is considered the simplest, both in terms of installation work and design. The cost of installing such a storm drain is minimal. The principle of operation is also the simplest - open gutters and channels collect and divert surface runoff;

- Closed type. System with storm water inlets and with a closed or underground piping system;

- Mixed type. The storm system is a combination of an open and a closed system. It is rational to use such a system on large land plots.

Storm systems are divided according to the type of drainage:

- Withdrawal to the side. Such a system involves the construction of a foundation blind area for the accumulation of rainfall;

- Pull down. In this case, water is discharged pointwise and the system necessarily has a grate to contain dirt.

The gutter as one of the main and important components of the device

One of the main structural elements that receives water from the roof. There are several varieties of it: wall-mounted or suspended. For the manufacture of plastic, galvanized metal or copper is used.

Wall

It is localized close to the overhang of the roofing material at the very edge of the roof. The product is a side, up to 20 cm high and acts as a barrier to rainwater. Such gutters are installed at an angle to the overhang and are directed to the drain funnel. To connect the trays, glue or a double lying flange is used. The angle of their inclination is 15 degrees, which prevents the overflow of liquid over the edge.

Rain or suspended

It is tightly fastened directly under the roof overhang, which prevents the accumulated liquid from flowing under the gutter. For fixing, steel hooks are used, the shape corresponding to the product. Since this fragment does not bend, in order to avoid overflowing it, you need to make a hole in it in a pre-marked place. When calculating the slope in this case, the amount of precipitation that fell during the year is taken into account.

Gutter classification

The following types of gutters are distinguished by shape:

Variety	Characteristic
semi-elliptical	Copes well with large water flows, as it provides a large throughput
Semicircular	It is resistant to stress, has a high level of rigidity. Such a gutter is universal, as it is used on most roof structures.

Gutters are also classified according to the material of manufacture:

1. Plastic. They have an attractive appearance, low weight and low cost. With proper fastening and application, the service life is 15-25 years. You can mount them yourself. Such fragments are fastened with the help of couplings or latches with rubber seals. Sometimes glue is used to fix it. But such products have a high risk of mechanical damage, become brittle at low temperatures. Small scratches on the surface can be masked with acrylic paint.
2. Aluminum. For connection, fasteners with rubber and silicone seals or specialized glue are used. Untreated material can quickly rust. A layer of varnish will help to avoid this.
3. Galvanized. They are metal products with pre-applied polymer protection. Characterized by a wide range of colors. For fastening, brackets with latches equipped with rubber seals are used. Such gutters have high strength and do not corrode, unless the polymer layer is damaged. The disadvantage is the frequent absence of the correct form, which complicates the assembly of the system.

You can also buy copper products in stores. They are durable, rust-resistant, have an attractive appearance and a long service life, but they have a high cost.

Stormwater made of copper is durable, resistant to corrosion, has an attractive appearance and a long service life, but it has a high cost.

How to correctly calculate the gutters?

The standard element length is 3-4 m. For small buildings, products with a cross section of 70-115 mm are enough. On large structures, gutters with a cross section of up to 200 mm are installed. It is necessary to calculate the specified fragment so that the distance between the nearest funnels is 8-12 m.

Assembling the gutter structure

If the length of the gutter is more than 12 m, then several fragments are required, interconnected fasteners. After that, plugs are installed at the edges of the structure and it is fixed on the brackets.

Classification of internal drainage systems

There are two systems of internal drains of multi-storey buildings:

• gravity;
• siphon.

Gravity system is as simple as possible.It consists of a gutter running along the eaves of the roof, directing water into a sheer downspout. Together with water, air enters the sewerage system, which reduces the amount of water in the pipe. A clear example of this fact is a drainpipe, everyone can compare its diameter and the flow pouring out of it even in a heavy downpour.

Elements of the drainage system

The siphon system connects the water intake funnels on the flat roof of the house into a single horizontal network of pipes, which, with the help of an L-shaped elbow, passes into a vertical drain. The design of the siphon system is more productive, more progressive. The design of such a system prevents air from being sucked into the stormwater pipelines, therefore, for internal drainage, water pipes of a smaller diameter will be required than would be needed for the installation of a gravity-flow stormwater system.

Siphon internal drainage system

How to correctly calculate the number of pipes for a drain

For the design to work correctly, it is necessary to calculate the required number of its elements. Their cross-sectional area should be sufficient for the water to pass through the edges of the gutter without stops and overflows even in the heaviest rains.

When choosing structural elements, it is necessary to take into account the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe roof, the cross-section of pipes, and the climatic conditions for the operation of the storm drain. The standard value is: 1 sq.cm. cross-sectional area covers 1 sq.m. roof area. For small houses, a drain fragment with a diameter of 50-75 mm is required. For large structures, this value increases to 160 mm.

Calculation as an integral part of the work performed

Without carrying out the necessary calculations, you can forget about the positive result of the task being performed. In the event that the storm drain will not cope with the function assigned to it, then there is no need to install it. In addition, when creating a larger do-it-yourself storm sewer system, there is a risk of investing a larger amount of money. In this regard, there is a need to recalculate all possible costs. To ensure accurate calculations, it will help to find out the following information:

1. Physical and chemical properties of the soil.
2. Waste area.
3. Data on the average amount of recorded precipitation in your area and area. For this information, you can contact the SNIP.
4. Information about available communications located underground.
5. When planning the removal of melt water, it is necessary to take into account the frequency of precipitation and the thickness of the snow cover.

Typology of storm sewers

In order to learn how to make a storm sewer with your own hands, you need to familiarize yourself with its types:

1. Aboveground type. The main feature of such storm drains is that the gutters that perform the drainage function are located in the coating. With their help, water enters a specially designated place or flows into a garden or garden on the site.
2. underground type. All components of this sewer type of construction are located below ground level. The design organically fits into the exterior of the yard. However, for its installation, it is necessary to perform a huge amount of land work, accompanied by large financial costs. You can equip this system at home with your own hands when remodeling your site or building a new cottage. In turn, they are divided into two types:
   • non-freezing;
   • freezing.

   Non-freezing storm drain should be laid below the depth of soils subject to freezing. Each region has its own level, which on average is from 1.5 to 1.7 meters. As for the freezing structure, its average depth is less than a meter, however, this storm sewer in the country can function unstably in the winter and spring seasons.

3. Mixed type. The name speaks for itself.Part of the structure is made from above, and the other part is made in the ground. This option combines a huge number of advantages:
   • a small amount of necessary building materials;
   • relatively small financial costs;
   • aesthetic appearance.

However, almost always, you have to produce an individual project. This is due to the fact that each site has a number of features:

• layout;
• soil moisture absorption;
• development;
• terrain relief.

Kinds

Surface drainage is designed to protect the site from excess rain and melt water. Such a system is especially popular with homeowners who are responsible for the arrangement of private territory and the protection of buildings. Installation of an open drainage system prevents subsidence and destruction of the foundations of buildings, asphalt pavements and paved paths, protects tree roots from excess moisture.

Surface drainage is represented by two types:

• linear;
• point.

A linear drainage system is a recessed gutters stretched across the territory of the site, mounted from plastic or made of concrete. Such a system is installed in areas occupying large areas.

Design and installation scheme of linear drainage systems

Point drainage is a system of storm water inlets connected to storm sewers. Also included in this system are sand receivers designed to prevent clogging of the sewer. The guys from the Prochistka-MSK company know a lot about sewer blockages.

It makes no sense to compare these two types of drainage, each of them complements each other. Experts, for more practical and high-quality water drainage, recommend combining these two types. In this case, the drainage will be as efficient as possible.

The design and layout of the point drainage system

Designing a storm sewer system

The arrangement of storm sewers, as, indeed, the construction of any object, begins with the preparation of a project. However, the scheme of the rain sewer system is created depending on the conditions in which it will have to function. Currently, there are the following options for stormwater devices:

• closed systems. This is a rather complicated version of storm sewers, requiring careful calculations and meticulous planning, therefore, in this case, the design is entrusted exclusively to professionals.
• open systems. They are considered the least costly in finance and the simplest option. When drawing up the scheme, the arrangement of open gutters is provided, where wastewater will be collected.
• mixed systems. An intermediate option between open and closed systems. It is very popular in a situation where it is necessary to significantly reduce the cost of building a large-scale facility.

Also, when designing and drawing up a diagram, it is necessary to answer the following questions:

• What is the average amount of precipitation that falls in the area where the storm sewer is planned to be arranged? The answer to this question will help determine the performance of the future system.
• What is the total area of ​​drainage surfaces available on the site (concrete and asphalt areas, roofs of buildings, etc.)? Thanks to this parameter, you can determine the number of storm water inlets that need to be installed.
• What are the features of the relief? Since the trays and pipes are always laid at a certain slope, it is necessary to take into account the elevation differences in the storm sewer installation site.
• What type of storm sewer can be equipped in this case? Internal storm sewer, collected from pipes laid underground, is not only the most expensive, but also a very labor-intensive option. That is why the advantage should be given to external (open) rainwater drainage, collected from open trays.At the same time, it makes sense to place the trays along the paths, near the building itself and in those places where water flows.

In addition, when drawing up a storm sewer scheme, it is necessary to minimize the number of additional wiring and completely eliminate (if possible) sharp turns in the pipeline.

Where is storm sewer required?

First of all, rain sewers need:

• cottage settlements;
• places of congestion of vehicles (gas stations, transport bases, garages, parking lots);
• hypermarkets;
• warehouse complexes;
• plants and factories.

In addition, places where sewage (from atmospheric precipitation) can be contaminated with petrochemicals and other substances when they are washed off roads, sites and various devices must be equipped with storm sewers without fail. The use of rainwater drainage at such facilities helps protect water bodies and soil from technical oils and gasoline derivatives.

Development of a storm sewer project

To perform a competent calculation of rainwater drainage, you must have information on the following issues:

Linear storm sewer system on site

• Statistical data on the amount of precipitation in a certain region (average and maximum values).
• A plan of the area indicating elevations, which allows you to determine the terrain and choose the most optimal route for draining rainwater.
• Information about the presence of nearby water bodies, the level of groundwater.

Based on these data, the catchment area is determined, the direction of laying individual sewer lines (the line is traced). Depending on the terrain and the expected abundance of precipitation, the places where receiving chambers and rainwater wells will be installed are determined.

This effect is obtained by optimizing the network, choosing the minimum required number of storm water inlets, and the optimal diameter of the pipes.

How is the storm sewer

Stormwater treatment systems in most cases are several fiberglass tanks installed one after the other. The wastewater treatment process begins with a distribution well, from which atmospheric precipitation enters the desander. Large suspended particles of sand settle in the sand separator, and the liquid flows into the oil and petrol separator, where the gasoline film and oils are removed. After that, the wastewater, already freed from most of the pollution, enters the sorption filter, designed to trap petrochemical products emulsified in water. The finally purified liquid is collected in a control well, from where it flows into a ravine, reservoir or receiving well. Thus, the main components of storm sewers are five main components:

1. Distribution well.
2. Sand separator.
3. Oil separator.
4. Filter adsorber.
5. Control well.

In some cases, additional installation of a UV well and storage tank is recommended. But in any case, the storm sewer system buried in the ground is absolutely invisible and can be installed anywhere, since it does not cause deformations of the roadway.

Ideally, all components of the storm sewer system are structurally combined into one line, which guarantees the maximum possible compactness of the structure. If the channels of the system are laid in the ground, then pipes are used to create them. Surface ditches are equipped with trays and gutters made of concrete, asbestos or plastic. The main feature of storm sewers is the laying of gutters, trays and pipes with a slope towards catchment devices and discharge points in order to organize the natural movement of melt and rainwater.

The water obtained at the outlet of the rain sewer contains no more than 30 mg / l of suspended solids and less than 0.05 mg / l of oil products, so it can be used for irrigating land, for irrigating crops, and for discharge into fish ponds.