I will sort the firewood along the way and put it in separate piles.
If I have to fell trees, I will first dig the tree, then choose the direction of the tree's fall, attach a powerful cable to it at a height of 180-cm (and preferably 500-600-cm using a ladder), pull the cable in the chosen direction , fasten to another tree or a powerful stake, pull the cable as much as possible, hang a solid load approximately to its middle (lifting it up through a pre-fixed block), then cut the roots in the plane of fall.
I think that each tree needs an individual thoughtful approach: in order not to bother with uprooting stumps in the future, it is better not to form them initially, but sometimes it makes sense to leave stumps in the shade of other trees in order to rest while sitting on them or to grow mushrooms on them and not wandering through the forest for hours in search of mushrooms.
As my experience has shown, the stumps of the thick birches that I removed disappeared from the soil surface in about 15 years. At first I tried to uproot them, and then I realized that my gut was thin for such feats.
Keep in mind that lifting even a two-pound weight will create (according to the parallelogram of forces) a very significant force on the cable attached to the tree, so the tree can fall off before the roots are cut!
Firewood inventory
Depending on the calorific value, firewood is divided into three groups:
1. harvested from birch, beech, ash, hornbeam, elm, maple, oak and larch
2. from pine and alder
3. from spruce, cedar, fir, aspen, linden, poplar and willow
By moisture, firewood is divided into air-dry (up to 25% moisture), semi-dry (26-50% moisture) and raw (more than 50%).
The standard length of firewood is set: 0.25; 0.33; 0.5; 0.75 and 1m. It is allowed to use firewood with a length of 1.25 m for charcoal burning.
A deviation in length of 2 cm per one meter of length is allowed.
The rot of a batch of firewood for heating is allowed, it should not exceed 20% of the total volume of the batch. Firewood is stacked in log ends, which are strengthened with stakes. Between logs there should be a passage with a width of at least 0.8 m. When laying firewood with a moisture content of more than 25%, logs should have an additive for shrinkage of 3 cm per meter of log height. Usually chopped firewood is placed in logs. Firewood 16-26cm thick is split into 2 parts 28-40cm is split into 4 parts
Firewood and other small assortments, when harvested and stored in warehouses, are stacked in rectangular woodpile. The lower row of logs is placed on longitudinal spacers, the ends of the woodpile are reinforced with stakes and cages. It is possible to fix the ends in the woodpile with a length of more than 10m. Woodpile stack height 1; 1.5 and 2m. For the convenience of inspecting firewood in forest warehouses, passages with a width of at least 0.8 m are left between two woodpile. When laying, firewood is sorted by length and moisture content. The front side of the woodpile should be level. The moisture content of firewood is determined in the laboratory by weighing it.
The volume of firewood with a length of more than 3 m is determined according to the tables of volumes of round timber (GOST 2708-75). When calculating volumes, you can use conversion factors. They are determined by special tables depending on the size of firewood. The coefficients of full-wood content increase with the increase in the thickness of the logs, and decrease with the increase in the length. The coefficients of full-woodness of chopped firewood are less than those of round firewood. Coniferous firewood, which has a more regular trunk shape than hardwood, has higher solid wood ratios.
Table 10 - Individual variant
|
№ |
Breed |
Type of logs |
Woodpile length, m |
Woodpile height, m |
Log length, m |
Log thickness |
|
1 |
Conifers |
Round |
13,4 |
1,5 |
1,0 |
10 |
|
2 |
Deciduous |
Round |
9,4 |
1,5 |
0,5 |
16 |
|
3 |
Conifers |
Stab |
15,4 |
1,0 |
0,5 |
26 |
The full wood coefficients determined from the table are:
1- 0,69
2- 0,75
3- 0,78
There is also a universal coefficient, which is used when it is not possible to determine the required one.
Calculations are carried out as follows:
Exercise 1
Vcl(1)=13.4*1.5*1.0=20.1 m3
Vcl(2)=9.4*1.5*0.5=7.05 m3
Vcl(3)=15.4*1.0*0.5=7.7 m3
Total: 34.85 m3
Vpl(1)=20.1*0.69=13.87 m3
Vpl(2)=7.05*0.75=5.29 m3
Vpl(3)=7.7*0.78=6.00 m3
Total: 25.16 m3
Vpl(1)=20.1*0.7=14.07 m3
Vpl(2)=7.05*0.7=4.93 m3
Vpl(3)=7.7*0.7=5.39 m3
Total: 24.39 m3
After splitting, the volume increases by 5%, and after drinking it decreases by 3%.
Vcl(1)=20.1*0.97=19.50 m3
Vcl(2)=7.05*1.05=7.40 m3
Vcl(3)=7.7*1.1=8.47 m3
Total: 35.37 m3
?V(1)=19.50-20.1=-0.6 m3;-3.0%
?V(2)=7.40-7.05=0.35 m3;+5.0%
?V(3)=8.47-7.7=0.77 m3;+10.0%
Task 2
Composition - 6S3B1Os
Stock per 1 ha - 190 m3.
The plot area is 22.4 ha.
Mtotal=190*22.4=4256 m3
MS=4256*6/10=2553.6 m3
MB=4256*3/10=1276.8 m3
MOS=4256*1/10=425.6 m3
A correction factor is applied to convert to storage cubic meters = 1.43.
MS=2553.6*1.43=3652 m3
MB=1276.8*1.43=1826 m3
MOS=425.6*1.43=609 m3
How much does a cube of firewood weigh An easy way to calculate.
Last update: 31-10-2015
How much does firewood weigh?
4.3 (85.33%) 15 votes
Wood consists of fiber, moisture, organic and inorganic compounds.
Let's try to figure out how all this affects the weight of firewood:
- Fiber properties determine the density, and accordingly, the main weight of wood.
- At the same time, a significant part of the weight is moisture, the percentage of which may vary depending on the season of harvesting and the properties of the rock.
Tree age and weight
Wood of different ages differs in weight due to the content of salts, resins and dyes. Old trees are heavier than young trees of the same species.
Moisture content of wood and wood weight
The moisture content of wood is determined by comparing the weight of a wet piece and a dried piece. The difference in weight will be the value of the moisture content.
The following formula is used to calculate humidity:
Wood is divided by moisture:
| wood type | W value in %% | Note |
| Wet | 100 | Long time in water |
| Freshly cut | 50-100 | Keeping the moisture of the growing tree |
| Air dry | 15-20 | Aged outdoors |
| Room dry | 8-12 | Long time in a heated room |
| Absolutely dry | Dried at 103±2ºС |
Determination of the average weight of wood
The moisture content varies depending on the climate zone. For the northern region of the country, the average weight of wood is distributed by moisture for various species as follows:
| wood species | Average weight of 1 m³ in kg | ||
| W=15% | W=50% | Freshly cut | |
| Birch | 640 | 790 | 870 |
| Poplar | 460 | 570 | 700 |
| Scotch pine | 510 | 640 | 820 |
| Norway spruce | 450 | 560 | 740 |
| Linden | 500 | 620 | 760 |
| Aspen | 500 | 620 | 760 |
But the weight of wood is calculated not in real cubic meters, but in warehouse ones.
How much does a firewood storage meter weigh depending on the type of wood and humidity
| wood species | The average weight of a storage cubic meter of firewood in kg | ||
| W=15% | W=50% | Freshly cut | |
| Birch | 480 | 590 | 650 |
| Poplar | 345 | 430 | 525 |
| Scotch pine | 380 | 480 | 615 |
| Norway spruce | 340 | 420 | 565 |
| Linden | 375 | 465 | 570 |
| Aspen | 375 | 465 | 570 |
*To calculate the weight of a storage cubic meter of firewood logs 45-50 cm long, the real cubic meter is multiplied by a factor of 0.75
With the help of tables, you can quickly determine the real weight of 1 cubic meter of purchased wood.
Do you want to forget about laying firewood for a day? Then a long-burning boiler is what you need.
A good alternative to firewood is fuel wood briquettes (euro firewood), because. they are sold by weight, not by cubes.
How to calculate one cubic meter of firewood stacked, in bulk and in nets
How to calculate one cubic meter of firewood: stacked, in bulk and in nets
Surely every person who has ordered firewood at least once wondered if the suppliers had deceived him? How to determine exactly how much firewood you brought? Perhaps you have come across a villager or an experienced leshoz worker who, with one meaningful look at a pile of firewood, said an almost correct result. In fact, there is nothing complicated in determining the volume of firewood, and this can be done both by eye, with proper experience, and with high accuracy, using the calculation method. Let's take a closer look at it.
The first thing to pay attention to when preparing for the calculation is the type of firewood stacking. Let's start with the most common - in bulk
In this case, firewood is thrown into a box or a pile, at first glance it is quite difficult to estimate the volume, because the logs are not dense. First you need to calculate the total amount of firewood brought. For this purpose, it is necessary to measure the piled firewood. If you have a cone-shaped pile, then we will find out its diameter and height, if the firewood is in the back, we measure the length, height and width, it is better to level the hill beforehand, for more accurate calculations.Having calculated the volume, you should convert it to warehouse meters, for this we use the coefficients. Usually, an average of 0.7 is taken, since this number is used in further calculations, but if an accurate calculation is necessary, the GOST 3243-88 regulatory document should be used. It indicates the exact coefficients that depend on the type of wood, its condition, the length and thickness of the logs.
Now we know how many storage cubic meters they brought us, but we ordered cubic meters, which means solid wood without gaps. On average, it is believed that one folding meter is equal to 0.7 cubic meters of solid wood. It is this coefficient that is used in most cases, although for accurate calculations, one should return to the conversion table set out in GOST 3243-88.
Another popular method of delivering firewood is in nets or stacked in rows. In this case, it is quite easy to determine the number of cubic meters brought. We do not have to convert the bulk volume into storage volume, the only thing to do is to measure the woodpile, calculate the volume, and then make calculations using the coefficient already known to you.
As you can see, there is nothing complicated in the calculations. To accurately determine the number of cubic meters, it is enough just to find out the volume of firewood brought, convert it to folding meters, and then, using the coefficient, find out the number of cubes.
And if you are interested in the weight of firewood, then after reading our article, you will know the many parameters that need to be taken into account when calculating the mass of wood: How much does firewood weigh?
We work without cheating! We always bring the exact amount of firewood you ordered!
It is very easy to order firewood in Moscow and the Moscow region!
BASIC FULL-WOOD COEFFICIENTS according to Appendix 3 to the Timber Accounting Procedure Type of wood species Diameter, cmLength, .
BASIC FULL-WOOD COEFFICIENTS
according to Appendix 3 to the Timber Accounting Procedure
Type (species) of wood Diameter, cmLength, mCoefficient
in bark without bark
A. Coniferous species (species) of wood
Logs for cutting into a mine stand 6-18 2.1-3.9 0.64 0.70
Balances 6-40 2.1-3.9 0.60 0.66
Logs for cutting on a mine rack,
Construction logs and stock 7-11,
6-13 4,0-6,5 0,56 0,62
Logs for cutting on a mine rack,
Balances 7-24 4.0-6.5 0.60 0.66
12-16 4,0-6,5 0,63 0,69
18-24 3,0-3,9 0,70 0,77
Logs for piles of hydraulic structures and elements of bridges,
Logs for communication and power transmission line supports 22-34 6.5-8.5 0.70 0.77
14-24 6,5-8,5 0,67 0,74
Logs for cutting on a mine rack,
Logs for sawing and planing,
Construction logs and stock logs 14-24 2.1-3.9 0.68 0.75
Logs for sawing and planing,
Balances 14 and more 2.1-3.9 0.69 0.76
B. Deciduous species (species) of wood
Construction logs and stock logs 8-24 4.0-6.5 0.52 0.59
12-24 4,0-5,5 0,60 0,68
Balances 6-40 2.1-3.9 0.59 0.67
Logs for sawing and planing 14 and more 3.0-3.9 0.64 0.72
Type (species) of wood Diameter, cmLength, mCoefficient
in bark without bark
logs for peeling,
Logs for the production of matches 16 and more up to 2.0 0.70 0.79
B. All types (species) of wood
Firewood — less than 0.5 0.65 —
N o t e s:
1. The given coefficients of full-woodness are basic and can be adjusted in cases of influence of stacking factors identified during repeated measurements.
2. If there is wood with partially removed bark in the stack (the share of which is more than 30%), a correction factor is applied to the coefficients of "full wood content in the bark", weighted average between the coefficients for wood in the bark and without bark in accordance with the percentage of both.
3. Full wood coefficients for unbarked firewood are determined taking into account the measurement of the diameter of wood with bark and the determination of their volume with bark.
ADJUSTMENT OF FULL-WOOD COEFFICIENTS
The table of basic coefficients of full-wood content included in the draft Timber Accounting Procedure is based on the table of coefficients from OST 13-43-79 “Round timber. Geometric method for determining the volume and assessing the quality of timber loaded into wagons and cars.This standard also provides for the possibility of adjusting the full-wood ratios based on the results of selective measurements. An example of the coefficients obtained from the results of such an adjustment is shown in fig. one.
Rice. 1 - Table of coefficients of full-wood content of assortment stacks, used at OAO LPK Kipelovo
Growth of trees according to taxation indicators, categories and types, calculation formulas.
1. The concept of growth
trees. Growth of tree trunks
due to the combined effect
many natural factors leading
among which are: a)
biological and ecological features
breed, its origin; b)
soil conditions
habitat; v)
hydrothermal regime of the territory in
throughout the year; G)
age
forests; e)
the position of the tree in the stand, space
growth and lightness of individuals;
e)
damage to trees
entomo- and phyto-pests passing
ground fires and other natural
factors; g)
economic activities carried out in the forest
Events. There are the following
categories and types of tree growth. 1.
Current growth
is the actual increase
this taxation indicator for
certain accounting period.
According to the value of this accounting period
note: a)
current annual growth - increase
taxation indicator for one last
year: ZTcurrent year=Ta-Ta-1
b)
Tcurrent
periodic increase - increase
taxation indicator for a certain
accounting period (3,5,10 or 20
recent years): ZTcurrent lane=
Ta-Ta-
v)
current total growth - value
taxation indicator for the entire period
the life of a tree, from its inception to
moment of observation: ZTcurrent floor=
Ta.
2.
Average
growth is the average, calculated
amount of taxation increase
indicator for 1 year within the given
period of time covered
observation. a)
average
periodic increase - change
taxation indicator on average for
one year of the accounting period (i.e. in
one year average in the last 3,5,10 or
20 years of tree life): ZTcf. lane=ZTcurrent lanet=Ta—Ta—ttb)
average overall increase - increase
taxation indicator on average for
one year of the tree's life:
ZTavg.gen.=
Ta/aFor
comparison purposes and theoretical
conclusions calculate the relative
growth rate - the percentage of growth.
Percentage of average total growth
trunks are calculated by the formula: RTavg.gen.=
ZTavg.gen.*100/Ta=Ta/a*100/Ta=100/a.
a)
according to the compound interest rule:
RT=100(t√TaTa—t–1).
b)
by the method of simple interest, with attribution
increment to final or
initial values of taxation
indicator: RT=100*(
Ta-Ta-t)/Ta;
RT=100*(
Ta-Ta-t)/Ta—t.
v)
according to the method of M. Pressler, with reckoning
the value of the increment to the value of the taxation
indicator in the middle of the accounting period:
RT=
100*( Ta-Ta-t)
/( Ta-Ta-t)
/2=200* Ta-Ta-t/
Ta+Ta-t.
Percent
average periodic growth R
T =
200/t*
Ta-Ta-t/
Ta+Ta-t.
Way
Pressler percentage increase calculation
trees are the most common
in the practice of forestry.
similar
| Ferrotitanium technical requirements and delivery conditions GOST 4761-91 (ISO 5454-80) udk 669. 15. 295-198: 006. 354 Group B12This standard specifies the technical requirements and delivery conditions for ferrotitanium supplied to the steelmaking and foundry… | Specifications GOST 10296-79 publishing house of standards Moscow state standard of the USSRThis standard uses references to the following regulatory and technical documents | ||
| GOST 25051. 4-83 interstate standard for installations testing vibration electrodynamic general specifications IPK publishing house of standards Moscow interstate standardThe terms used in this standard are according to GOST 16504, GOST 24346 and GOST 25051. 3 | State standard of the USSR Nickel silver wire specifications GOST 5220-78 ipk publishing house of standards moscowChange No. 3 GOST 5220-78 was adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (minutes No. 7 dated 26. 04 .... | ||
| Single-beam support specifications GOST 22045-89 e USSR State Committee for Standards MoscowV with a frequency of 60 Hz and a voltage of 220, 380, 400, 440 V with a frequency of 60 Hz, manufactured in climatic modifications U and T, placement category ... | State standard of the Union of the USSR low-alloy steel plate and broadband universal specifications GOST 19282-73 State Committee of the USSR for Standards Moscow State standard of the Union of the USSRInstead of GOST 5058-65 in terms of sheet and broadband products and GOST 500-58 in terms of low-alloy steel | ||
| State standard of the USSR Union calipers technical conditions GOST 166-89T-1 one-sided with a depth gauge with measuring surfaces made of hard alloys (device 2) | Specifications GOST 10155-75By the Decree of the State Committee of Standards of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated December 31, 1975 No. 4146, the deadline for introducing | ||
| State standard of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics steel bent profiles specifications GOST 11474-76Prepared for approval by the All-Union Research Institute for Standardization (VNIIS) | State Standard of the Union of the USSR Multi-core mounting cables with plastic insulation Specifications GOST 10348-80 e Committee for Standardization and Metrology of the USSR Moscow State Standard of the Union of the USSRType of climatic modification of cables Uhl and t placement category 2-5 according to GOST 15150-69 |
Documents
How many cubes are in the warehouse meter are important parameters in the calculation. Click
There are uniform measurement systems all over the world: kilograms for determining weight, meters for the size of things, etc.
When harvesting and transporting firewood and forests, the measurements of a cubic meter and a warehouse meter are usually used - there is some difference between these values \u200b\u200bthat not everyone knows about.
What is a cubic meter
As the name implies, a cubic meter or cubic meter (m3) is the volume of a cube whose sides are equal to a meter. This value is usually used to measure gas, water, snow, sand and other bulk and liquid materials.
However, this value is only suitable for measuring one whole piece of wood, for example, pine: after all, if you put a cube of separate firewood and boards, there will still be a distance between them, albeit a few millimeters.
It is important to know: in construction, cubic meters of wood are also measured in cubic meters: this is necessary during the transportation and storage of building materials. Therefore, when buying firewood, boards and other “non-solid” pieces, cubic meters are not suitable: you would have to measure each bar from all sides and try to fit them into the given parameters
It's too long and can still lead to errors
Therefore, when buying firewood, boards and other “non-solid” pieces, cubic meters are not suitable: you would have to measure each bar from all sides and try to fit them into the given parameters. This is too long and can still lead to errors.
How to count the cube of firewood
To simplify the recounting process and reduce the possibility of fraud, another term was created - the warehouse meter.
It is easiest to imagine it in the form of a woodpile measuring 1 m x 1 m x 1 m, in which logs were folded, fitting them as tightly as possible to each other. There is still some distance between them - small, but significant when buying a large amount of firewood.
To convert a scadometer to a cubic meter, it is necessary to calculate the dimensions of the stack (length, height and width) and multiply by a special coefficient indicated in the table below. This will help to get a volume of firewood close to the truth.
The value of the coefficient can be found in special tables and in the photo: they depend on the type of wood, the length of the log and its volume.
For deciduous trees
For coniferous trees
In other words, the shorter the logs, the more space they can take up in the package, while round logs take up more volume than chopped logs.
The easiest way to see the meaning of a warehouse meter is with an example:
A stack of thin birch chocks 0.75 meters long was bought. The dimensions of the stack itself were 1.5 meters * 3 meters * 2.5 meters. It is necessary to calculate the total amount of firewood occupied using a calculator:
- It is necessary to calculate the volume of the stack itself by multiplying its sides: 1.5 * 3 * 2.5 \u003d 11.25 cubic meters. meters;
- Then you need to determine the coefficient of the firewood itself: for birch it is 0.65;
- Both numbers are multiplied again: 11.25 * 0.65 \u003d 7.3125 - this is the specific gravity.
The total difference turned out to be almost 4 cubic meters. meters. If it were not for the size of the skadometer, the buyer would have to significantly overpay for the purchase.
Calculation and weight
They indicate the approximate weight of 1 cubic meter of different breeds. For example, a fresh oak weighs 1000 kg, and with a natural moisture content of 15% - only 710 kg.
Example:
4 warehouse meters of dry split oak logs 0.25 meters long and with a moisture content of 15% were purchased. You need to check their weight:
- The coefficient of such firewood is 0.76: 0.76 * 4 \u003d 3.04 cubic meters. meters;
- 3.04 * 710 kg \u003d 2158.4 kg - this is how much the purchased firewood should weigh. If the difference unnecessarily deviates in any direction, then the seller is trying to deceive.
Please note: when buying a tree, it is important to know not only its volume, but also its mass: if stored improperly, the tree can swell and become much heavier than it was, but the buyer will still have to pay for it. If the tree was brought in the back of a car, for example, a Gazelle or a dump truck, not in a woodpile, but after throwing it somehow, it is necessary to multiply the volume of the body by 0.8 with a log length of 0.25 meters and by 0.75 with a length of 0, 5 meters. These are the average values of the occupied air for such installation.
These are the average values of the occupied air for such installation.
If the tree was brought in the back of a car, for example, a Gazelle or a dump truck, not in a woodpile, but after throwing it somehow, it is necessary to multiply the volume of the body by 0.8 with a log length of 0.25 meters and by 0.75 with a length of 0, 5 meters. These are the average values of the occupied air for such installation.
Take note: the warehouse meter is a useful value for the buyer, which allows you not to pay for "air". When buying a tree by cubic meters, it is worth remembering how to correctly calculate the total, otherwise the amount will look somewhat overpriced.
How to calculate the cubature, see the calculation example in the following video:
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