SP 282.1325800.2016 APARTMENT HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS BASED ON INDIVIDUAL GAS HEAT GENERATORS. RULES FOR DESIGN AND DEVICESSP 282.1325800.2016 APARTMENT HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS BASED ON INDIVIDUAL GAS HEAT GENERATORS. PR RULES

Boiler selection

The type of boiler depends on the type of energy carrier on which it operates. The main element for heating a house should be selected taking into account the available type of fuel.

Gas

Due to their efficiency, gas units remain the most popular. An obstacle to their use may be the lack of gas pipelines in close proximity to the land. It should be noted that this type of equipment needs constant maintenance and control by special services.

solid fuel

If the area is not gasified, the design of heating systems can be carried out taking into account the use of a solid fuel boiler. This will make it possible not to depend on a centralized supply of energy carriers, but will require additional sources of solid fuel and a dry place for its storage.

Liquid fuel

To install a heating system for a private house, you can purchase a boiler that runs on liquid energy. However, diesel is an expensive type of fuel, so the cost of its use will increase significantly. It will also require underground installation of a special tank in which it will be stored. It should be remembered about the high degree of fire hazard of a diesel engine.

Electricity

It is desirable to use an electric boiler in a joint system with electric radiators. Such a project involves the conversion of electricity into heat without a water resource - directly.

By analogy with liquid fuel, such an energy carrier will cost a lot. If funds allow, in such a situation it is better to opt for autonomous heating, which allows you to receive electricity from solar and wind converters or mini-hydro stations.

Water

The heating project based on the most common water system is the planning of a closed circuit, through which hot water is continuously circulated. In this case, the function of the heater is performed by the boiler, from which pipes are bred through the rooms and are adjacent to the radiators, which give off the main amount of heat.

Having carried out the heat transfer, the water flows back into the boiler, where it heats up again and repeats the technological cycle. The heater for the water type of heating are boilers that run on any fuel. The water heating system is divided into two types: natural and forced.

natural circulation

In the first case, the coolant circulates through pipes and radiators without additional force. This effect is achieved by a certain method of mounting the elements of the heating main.

The design of heating with natural water circulation provides for the necessary angle of inclination of the pipes, which makes it possible for the process to proceed under the influence of gravity.

forced circulation

The forced movement of water through the system is achieved by the operation of a circulation pump integrated into the heating boiler. Unlike natural circulation, forced circulation needs a source of electricity from which the pump is powered.

Wiring

Natural and forced water circulation system can be used for single-pipe, two-pipe and collector wiring. In the first case, the design of heating systems involves the installation of one pipe, which performs the function of supplying and discharging water at the same time.

With this scheme, the temperature of the radiator farthest from the boiler will be lower than the near one. In addition, if one battery fails, the rest will also cease to function, since they cannot be switched off individually.

Two-pipe wiring makes it possible to evenly heat the batteries due to the fact that the supply pipe is connected in parallel to each of them. The second pipe takes the cooled coolant back to the boiler. Provided that a tap is installed on each radiator, they can be turned off individually.

Collector wiring is the most convenient, since after its installation, you can adjust the temperature of the coolant in each individual room. For this method of space heating, the installation of a collector cabinet is required.

1. Calculation of thermal loads

Estimated thermal
system design workloads
heat supply is allowed to determine
according to aggregated indicators (specific
thermal characteristics of buildings) and
norms of consumption of heat and coolant
.

Thermal
power of heating systems Q_from,
W, and ventilation Q_v,
W, calculated using enlarged
indicators - specific thermal
building characteristics

Q_O
=
q_OV(t_v—
t_n)a;
(6.1)

Q_v
= q_vV(t_n
—
t_n.v),
(6.2)

where
q_O
and q_v
—
specific heating and ventilation
characteristics of buildings, W/(m3 ºС)
(see annex 13); V–
construction volume of buildings, m3;
t_v
– average design temperature
internal air, ºС;
t_nand t_n.v.– settlement
outdoor temperature at
heating and ventilation design;
ºС;
a
- coefficient taking into account the influence
calculated temperature difference

a
= 0,54 + 22/(t_v–
t_n)_.

(6.3)

Medium
(for the heating period) (Q_GWed),
W and calculated (Q_G),
W, thermal power of hot water systems
water supply for residential and public
buildings are determined by formulas 4.1 and 4.2.

Norms
hot water consumption for household
needs are given in the literature.

Thermal
loads of hot water supply systems
technological objects are considered
by groups of technological processes,
based on the norms of heat consumption or
hot water per unit of production or
equipment, per animal head
etc. on livestock farms and
complexes distinguish two groups of processes:
a) washing equipment, cooking
liquid feed mixtures and animal care;
b) heat treatment of feed.

Average daily
(Q_GWed),
W, and calculated Q_G,
W, heating power of the hot water system
water supply of the first group of technological
processes are determined by average daily
hot water consumption standards
formulas 4.7.

Thermal loads
hot water systems in summer
the period is calculated by the equation

,
(6.4)

where
—
reduction factor
hot water consumption in summer compared to
with winter; for residential and public buildings
– 0.8; for technological consumers
– 1,0;
—
thermal power of the hot water system
water supply during the heating period,
kW;
—
cold water temperature in summer
period (assumed to be 15 ºС),
ºС.

thermal
power of the steam heating system
technology consumers expect
based on specific consumption rates
pair.

Thermal
power of the steam heating system
feed preparation departments
(condensate is not returned), kW

,
(6.5)

where
= 4,0;—
specific steam consumption (Appendix 8),
kg/kg;
—
average daily feed intake
given type, kg/day;
and—
specific enthalpies of steam and feed
water in the boiler plant, kJ/kg.

By
formula (6.5) determine the thermal power
steam heating system at
milk pasteurization. Specific consumption
pair 0.14 ... 0.22 kg
per 1 kg of milk, instead of specific enthalpy
feed water use specific
enthalpy of the condensate, and instead of the mass
feed - a lot of milk.

V
technological lines of milking and dairy
blocks also provide
steaming milk flasks at a specific
steam consumption 0.1 ... 0.2 kg per flask.

V
settlement and explanatory note should be
present methodology and results
calculation of thermal loads of one
object. The results of calculations of similar
similar thermal loads of others
objects should be presented in a tabular
form (see table. 6.1).

Table 6.1

What is a heating system

This is a set of pipelines and devices that reproduce, transport, store, regulate and provide all food items with heat through hot water or steam. From the energy source, it enters the transmission lines, and then distributed throughout the premises.

What is included in the design:

• pipes that are pre-treated against corrosion, and are also insulated - the sheathing may not be all the way, but only in the area that is located on the street;
• compensators - devices that are responsible for the movement, temperature deformations, vibrations and displacements of the substance inside the pipeline;
• mounting system - depending on the type of installation, there are different options, but in any case, support mechanisms are needed;
• trenches for laying - concrete gutters and tunnels are equipped if the laying takes place on the ground;
• shut-off or control valves - temporarily stops the pressure or helps to reduce it, block the flow.

Also, the building heat supply project may contain additional equipment inside the engineering heating system and hot water supply. So the design is divided into two parts - external and internal heating system. The first can come from the central main pipelines, or maybe from a heating unit, a boiler room. There are also systems inside the premises that regulate the amount of heat in individual rooms, workshops - if the question concerns industrial enterprises.

More about engineering systems design services

To date, the integrated design of engineering systems in Moscow is in high demand among the owners of objects for various purposes.

This is explained by the important role of communications in the overall construction process. They are the basis of the infrastructure of buildings.

If the design of engineering systems and networks contains shortcomings, the mistakes made lead to functional violations of the building. The consequences are different. From an unjustified increase in financial costs for building maintenance to a complete failure of expensive equipment.

The requirements for modern life support of objects change regularly. Together with them, the financial costs of drawing up communication plans are growing. Currently, the cost of designing engineering systems of buildings and structures is 25-40% of the project budget.

Often the design of engineering systems for a country house, enterprise, store or other object is required for the reconstruction of a building. Restoration measures are mainly used when they want to "revive" old buildings. Sometimes the complexity of the work is much higher than drafting a project for a new facility.

Regardless of the nature of the event, the design of engineering systems of buildings is beneficial only when ordering work from professionals. Only specialists are able to competently make a project for the construction of a building or modernization of an existing network. The services of high-class engineers are always available to you in our company!

Order the design of engineering systems in a house, office, shop, industrial workshop or other facility at Profit LLC +7 (495) 902-65-95!

Requirements for heating residential and administrative buildings

It should be immediately noted that the heating project for the administrative building must be carried out by the relevant bureau.Specialists evaluate the parameters of the future building and, in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents, choose the optimal heat supply scheme.

• Sanitary and hygienic
  . These include uniform temperature distribution in all areas of the house. To do this, pre-calculation of heat for heating the building;
• Construction
  . The operation of heating devices should not deteriorate due to the peculiarities of the structural elements of the building, both inside and outside it;
• Mounting
  . When choosing technological schemes of the installation, it is recommended to choose unified units that can be quickly replaced with similar ones in case of failure;
• Operational
  . Maximum automation of heat supply operation. This is the primary task along with the heat engineering calculation of the heating of the building.

In practice, proven design schemes are used, the choice of which depends on the type of heating. This is the determining factor for all subsequent stages of work on arranging the heating of an administrative or residential building.

Engineering design types and features

Our company carries out the design of engineering networks of various types, which include the following:

• Ventilation systems.
• Signaling.
• Heating complexes.
• ACS.
• Internal and external lighting.
• Video monitoring.
• Air conditioning.
• Power supply.
• Sewerage and plumbing.
• ETC.
• Fire protection.
• The television.
• Fire extinguishing systems.
• Telephony.
• LAN laying.
• ASKUE.

The engineering and technical design offered by us is carried out in accordance with the established procedure. The beginning of the work is the creation of design documentation for heat supply systems, ventilation systems, water supply and sewerage complex. At the final stage, a project is being developed for electricity and individual heat points.

Design and installation of heating networks

Design of a heating main and heating network

Triera LLC carries out work on the comprehensive development of project documentation and the construction of main heating networks and their maintenance, including:

• pre-project preparation, collection of information;
• design of external heating networks;
• preparation of a package of necessary documents;
• coordination of the project in all necessary instances;
• laying heating pipelines;
• network commissioning and further maintenance.

The laying of heating networks is necessary for the transportation of heat from the heat source to the consumer. The uninterrupted and efficient operation of the main heating system directly depends on the professionalism of the designers, the accuracy of the prepared project documentation and the quality of the installation. In our work, we use new technologies whenever possible and use only high-quality materials. Thanks to this, the design and laying of heating pipelines will be carried out at a high level and in a short time.

External heating networks: design

Distribution heating networks are the link between the heating point and end consumers. The design of heating networks, in this case, as well as their operation, is complicated due to the need for contact with consumers. The main difficulties in designing in an urban environment are:

• high building density;
• saturation of the underground layer with all kinds of communications;
• the presence of not only existing, but also promising lines of communication;
• availability of subways in major cities.

Designing a heating network with so many nuances and complexities requires high professionalism and experience that our engineering and technical staff possesses. We will approve all the necessary documentation (as-built drawings, weld inspection protocols, pipeline work certificates, certification for materials) in Rostekhnadzor, Gosstroy and in the energy company. We have completed more than one successful project for the installation of distributing heating networks.Entrust the construction of the heating network only to experienced professionals, and you will be sure of the quality of the work performed.

Thermal inputs

A heat input is a heating pipeline connecting a heating point with main heating networks or distributing heat networks and heat-consuming installations. The heat input is designed to distribute heat between end consumers. It is installed in the basement of a building or in a special room. This is a complex heat engineering unit, which is supplied with expensive equipment: autoregulators, instrumentation, pumping units, dirt collectors, etc. At the slightest mistake in the design and installation of the named system, the unit may malfunction, and, as a result, uneven distribution of heat over the riser and increased heat input. This, in turn, can provoke legal proceedings on the part of the owners of the serviced premises. Triera LLC has attestation from Rostekhnadzor and all the necessary certificates for admission to design, construction, installation and commissioning. This confirms our high qualification in the operation of thermal inputs. We always provide guarantees for our work.

Thermal cameras

Properly executed laying of the heating network should ensure a stable temperature regime along the entire length of the pipeline. This function is performed by thermal cameras. The stability of the operation of the entire heating main depends on their strength and water resistance. The installation of thermal chambers requires a lot of experience, since quite often it is necessary to build chambers of non-standard configurations and sizes. Considering that the chamber is most often completely immersed in the ground, its repair will require significant financial costs. Entrust the design and construction to professionals, and the heating pipeline will work for a long time and efficiently without failures. Thus, you will avoid unforeseen expenses both during the construction of the heating network and during its operation.

Types of building heating systems

How to choose the right type of heat supply for a building? First of all, the type of energy carrier is taken into account. Based on this, you can plan the next stages of design.

There are certain types of building heating systems that differ in both the principle of operation and performance. The most common is water heating, as it has unique qualities and can be adapted relatively easily to any type of building. Having calculated the amount of heat for heating a building, you can select the following types of heat supply:

• Autonomous water
  . It is characterized by high inertia of air heating. However, along with this, it is the most popular type of building heating systems due to the wide variety of components and low maintenance costs;
• Central water
  . In this case, water is the optimal type of heat carrier for its transportation over long distances - from the boiler house to consumers;
• Air
  . Recently, it has been used as a general climate control system in homes. It is one of the most expensive, which affects the inspection of the heating system of the building;
• Electrical
  . Despite the low cost of the initial purchase of equipment, electric heating is the most expensive to maintain. If it is installed, it is necessary to calculate the heating according to the volume of the building as accurately as possible in order to reduce the planned costs.

What is recommended to choose as a heat supply for a house - electric, water or air heating? First of all, you need to calculate the thermal energy for heating the building and other types of design work. Based on the data obtained, the optimal heating scheme is selected.

Stages of drawing up a heating network project

The customer provides the terms of reference to the designer and independently or through third-party organizations draws up a list of information that will be needed in the work. This is the amount of heat energy that is required per year and daily, the designation of power points, as well as operating conditions. There may also be preferences for the maximum cost of all work and the materials used. First of all, the order should indicate what the heating network is for - residential premises, production.

Engineering survey.

The work is carried out both on the ground and in laboratories. The engineer then completes the reports. The system of checks includes soil, soil properties, groundwater level, as well as climatic and meteorological conditions, and the seismic characteristics of the area. For work and reporting, you will need a bunch of ++. These programs will ensure the automation of the entire process, as well as compliance with all norms and standards.

Engineering system design.

At this stage, drawings, diagrams of individual nodes are drawn up, calculations are performed. A real designer always uses high-quality software, for example, . The software is designed to work with engineering networks. With its help, it is convenient to trace, create wells, indicate line intersections, as well as mark the pipeline section and make additional marks.

Regulatory documents that guide the designer - SNiP 41-02-2003 "Heat networks" and SNiP 41-03-2003 "Thermal insulation of equipment and devices".

At the same stage, construction and design documentation is drawn up. To comply with all the rules of GOST, SP and SNiP, you must use the program or. They automate the process of filling out paperwork according to legal standards.

Project approval.

First, the layout is offered to the customer. At this point, it is convenient to use the 3D visualization function. The volumetric model of the pipeline is clearer, it shows all the nodes that are not visible in the drawing to a person who is not familiar with the rules of drawing. And for professionals, a three-dimensional layout is necessary to make adjustments, to provide for unwanted intersections. The program has such a function. It is convenient to compile all working and project documentation, draw and perform basic calculations using the built-in calculator.

Then the approval must pass in a number of instances of the city government, as well as undergo an expert assessment by an independent representative. It is convenient to use the electronic document management function. This is especially true when the customer and contractor are in different cities. All ZVSOFT products interact with common engineering, text and graphic formats, so the design team can use this software to process data received from different sources.

Maintenance of the building heating system

After the correct heat engineering calculation of the heat supply of the building, it is necessary to know the mandatory list of regulatory documents for its maintenance. You need to know this in order to timely control the operation of the system, as well as to minimize the occurrence of emergencies.

Drawing up an act of inspection of the heating system of the building takes place only by representatives of the responsible company. This takes into account the specifics of heat supply, its type and current state. During the inspection of the heating system of the building, the following items of the document must be filled out:

1. Location of the house, its exact address.
2. Link to the contract for the supply of heat.
3. The number and location of heat supply devices - radiators and batteries.
4. Temperature measurement in rooms.
5. Coefficient of load change depending on current weather conditions.

To initiate an inspection of the heating system at home, you must submit an application to the management company. It must indicate the reason - poor performance of heat supply, emergency or non-compliance of the current parameters of the system with the norms.

According to current regulations, during an accident, representatives of the management company must eliminate its consequences within a maximum of 6 hours. Also after that, a document is drawn up on the damage caused to the owners of the apartments due to the accident. If the reason is an unsatisfactory condition, the management company must restore the apartments at its own expense or pay compensation.

Often, during the reconstruction of the heating system of a building, it is necessary to replace some of its elements with more modern ones. Costs are determined by the fact - on whose balance sheet the heating system is located. Restoration of pipelines and other components that are not located in the apartments should be handled by the management company.

If the owner of the premises wanted to change the old cast-iron batteries to modern ones, the following actions should be taken:

1. An application is drawn up to the management company, which indicates the plan of the apartment and the characteristics of future heaters.
2. After 6 days, the Criminal Code is obliged to provide technical specifications.
3. According to them, the selection of equipment is carried out.
4. Installation is carried out at the expense of the owner of the apartment. But at the same time, representatives of the Criminal Code must be present.

The video tells about the features of radiator heating:

Modern technologies make it possible to design the heating of a private house, taking into account the requirements and personal preferences of the owners of the home.

The responsible process, on which the microclimate and comfort in the rooms directly depend, must be approached with special attention, having studied all possible options and opting for a more optimal one.

aerial

Such a system can be mounted only at the stage of construction of the building. It is not suitable for a finished private house. This is due to the need to install metal, plastic or textile air ducts through which hot air heated by a heat generator is blown out.

A warm stream enters the room from under the ceiling and displaces cold air, which, in turn, returns to the heat generator through the air ducts.

Designing heating according to the air heating method allows you to install a system for external intake of clean air, which is mixed with the flow. Circulation can be achieved in a gravitational or forced way.

Natural air exchange occurs due to the temperature difference, and forced air exchange is carried out using special ventilation equipment. The heat generator can burn diesel fuel, natural gas (main or bottled) and kerosene. The products of combustion are removed through the chimney.

The composition of a typical heat network project and an example of heating mains

The main elements of the pipeline are mainly produced by manufacturers in finished form, so it remains only to correctly position and mount them.

Pipes. We discussed their diameter above in connection with the typology of structures. And the length has standard parameters - 6 and 12 meters

You can order individual cutting at the factory, but it will cost much more.
It is important to use new products. It is better to use those that are produced immediately with insulation.
Connection elements

These are knees at an angle of 90, 75, 60, 45 degrees. The same group includes: bends, tees, transitions and caps on the end of the pipe.
Stop valve. Its purpose is to block water. Locks can be in special boxes.
Compensator. It is required on all sections of the turn of the track. They relieve pressure-related expansion and deformation of the pipeline.

Make a quality heating network project together with software products from ZVSOFT.

Have you decided to take up the design of industrial production? Or a residential building? Is there a need for approval of project documentation? Or Rostekhnadzor does not give in? There is a solution - the design of heat supply with the company "NTC Energooservice".

Heating boilers

To date, manufacturers offer consumers the following types of boilers:

1. gas appliances
   . They are the most popular due to the low cost of operation and the presence of gas pipelines in many settlements.
2. Electrical units
   . Heating with their use is expensive.
3. Solid fuel appliances
   . Popular in those regions where there are problems with gas supply and electricity. You need a constant supply of coal or firewood for several gas stations a day.
4. Liquid fuel heating units
   . For their functioning, they use fuel oil, solarium, which are inexpensive. But in this case, there are problems: air pollution by mining products and the need to equip a storage facility for liquid fuel.
5. Waste oil devices
   . Also a cheap source of energy, but now the market for such fuel is not established.
6. Underfloor heating system
   . It helps to solve problems with heating, but its cost cannot be called cheap.

Before proceeding with the design, the following information will be required from the property owner:

• floor plan of a country house;
• choice of piping options - open or hidden, single or double-circuit. Perhaps in some rooms there is no need for heating, because, for example, a fireplace is used in the living room;
• already completed measures for the insulation of the building;
• the place where it is planned to install the boiler and the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room for its placement.

An example of a heating project for a private house consists of the following steps:

• development of a preliminary sketch;
• economic justification and necessary calculations;
• development of a scheme for the installation of pipes and heating radiators;
• creation of a working project. This will avoid many mistakes that novice builders make during the installation process.

What are design errors?

Most often, shortcomings arise if the design of engineering structures or systems occurs according to the principle of independent development. Simply put, specialists from various companies are involved in drafting individual units. In such a situation, errors are inevitable, which reduces the efficiency of the facility after the completion of construction or reconstruction.

For example, engineering design of buildings, where large equipment is unreasonably used, causes a reduction in usable area. If a lot of communications are laid through the ceiling surface, its lowering level will increase. Ceiling heights will be lowered in some rooms. Finally, the wrong choice of climate control devices will increase the cost of their application.

To avoid problems caused by engineering systems created by illiterate specialists, the design of heating, lighting, telephony and other communications systems should be trusted to professionals. And one team that works in concert on the project. You can use the services of a close-knit team of qualified engineers in our company!