Retrieving Basic Data in Calculation Registers

Introduction

Many 1C programmers have never encountered in their
practice with the "Calculation" component, therefore,
when they have to take the 8.0 Platform Specialist exams, where in
each task has a difficult task
periodic calculations, difficulties arise, primarily difficulties of understanding.

Let's try to deal with this component in 8.0. Instead of
to solve various problems for the calculation, let's try to deal with this
component so that any calculation problem can be solved. Having studied it
manual, you will understand how calculation registers are arranged and work.

For example, we will use the framework configuration,
set in exams.

To be honest, I tried for a long time to figure out what else we need
calculations, but did not come up with it, so we will consider the problem of calculating salaries.

Heating registers production, application, characteristics

The heating register is an integral part of the heating system, a device consisting of several parallel horizontal smooth pipes. This type of heating appliances has not gained much popularity among private homeowners, and there are objective reasons for this. The heating system based on registers has a large volume of coolant, for the heating of which it is necessary to spend much more energy than in the case of conventional radiators.

A mobile heating register with a built-in heating element allows, in case of an emergency, to move the device to another place in a short time.

Measurements and resources. Description

Concepts such as measurements and resources are directly related to the register.

Dimensions determine how we store information. For example, we can store it in the context of warehouses (how much goods are in a particular warehouse) or firms (how much each of our firms owe suppliers), or goods. Measurement is “what we consider”.
Resources define what is stored in the ledger, specific quantities or sums of data, such as quantities of goods or amounts of money. A resource is “how much of what we take into account”.

We can say that for each dimension of the register there is a certain amount of resources.
For example, for each warehouse (a warehouse is a dimension) there is a certain quantity (quantity is a resource) of a product (a product is also a dimension).

Scope of registers

Scheme of a sectional register made of steel pipes.

In recent years, such registers have been the basis of the heating system at various enterprises. They are easy to install, very reliable and durable, have high heat dissipation. If necessary, a single heating system is welded from several pipes. The connection of individual pipes into the system is best done with metal-plastic pipes with a diameter of 25 to 32 mm.

Heating registers are used for heating residential, warehouse and industrial premises. Most often they are installed in places with high requirements for sanitary and fire safety.

Heating registers are used for heating apartments and individual rooms. In private homes, they are used less frequently, as many alternative heating devices have appeared that fit better into the interior.

Calculation of registers

With a known area of the room, the diameter and length of the pipes, it is possible to calculate the number of registers to ensure a comfortable temperature. With a room height of 3 m, each linear m of the pipe is able to heat the area:

Pipe outer diameter (mm) Heating area (m²)

To warm 1 m² of room area, you need:

2 m of pipe having a diameter of 1/2 inch;
1.5 m of pipe having a diameter of ¾ inch;
1 m of pipe having a diameter of 1 inch.

This data will help in deciding which pipes are better to choose in a given situation for the manufacture of registers.

After performing the calculations, it may turn out that one heated towel rail in the bathroom and a large-diameter main pipe in another room are enough for heating.

Types of registers

Registers made from individual pipe sections (sections) are called sectional. As mentioned earlier, vertical sections of pipes (overflows) are installed between them to ensure the movement of the coolant. Pipe insertion points, as well as changes in diameters, create additional hydraulic resistance, which reduces the speed of the coolant.

The serpentine heating register does not have this problem, the design of which is metal loops made of bent steel pipe, located horizontally. An example of a serpentine heating register is a heated towel rail.

The serpentine register design is more efficient in terms of heat transfer. In such a heating device there is only one direction for the movement of the coolant, there are no zones of stagnation and overflows.

It remains to add that, in principle, the heating register can be made not only from steel, but also from copper and stainless steel pipes. There would be a desire and financial possibilities. You can also experiment with types of pipes, using not only smooth-rolled, but also shaped pipes.

What are calculations

In principle, the final payroll product is a set of
records of the calculation register of the form:

Employee	Period	Calculation type	Result	Data	A comment
Measurement	Service	Service	Resource	Resource	Props
Ivanov	January 1 - January 31	Salary	1000	1000
Petrov	January 1 - January 31	Salary	600	1000
Petrov	January 1 - February 10	absenteeism			Disease

The value in the "Data" column reflects the employee's base salary
(according to the employment contract), but this amount may be
increased by bonuses, reduced by fines and absenteeism, etc., so the real
the amount payable is entered after the calculation is completed in the "Result" column. V
this is the calculation. The amount in the "Resource" column for this employee -
his salary.

Thus, the calculation register - according to
In essence, a set of records is similar in structure to a turnover register of accumulation. Just
to perform complex calculations, additional settings are specified for it,
which allow you to then build many virtual tables for the calculation register,
although, in fact, this register is just a set of records,
indicated in the figure.

Each settlement register entry refers to a specific
calculation type and time period.

Calculation of the power of electric heating elements

Super heated towel rail (also register)

We will separately consider registers with built-in electric heaters. It can be both an additional source of heating and the main one. In the latter case, the heat exchanger works only if there is electricity. In order to correctly determine the parameters of the heat exchanger, it is necessary, in addition to its thermal power, to calculate the power of the heating element

After all, it is important how many kilowatts are in a heating element or not?

Such electric heaters are screwed into the end of the register. Their power can vary from 0.8 to 2 kW. Turning on / off the device is controlled by a thermostat, the temperature in the heat exchanger is adjusted manually. It turns out that you can set 50 degrees, which will always be supported by the heating element. Only the less powerful will work more often. Naturally, the more the heater works, the more its service life is reduced. Therefore, it is better when the heating element does not work at the limit, but with a small margin.

Observations have shown that, as a result of operation, there is no particular difference in electricity consumption. A powerful heater will heat up faster, spending more energy, and a less powerful one will heat longer, while the consumption will be about the same.

The autonomy of the register from the heating circuit requires changes in its contraction:

the presence of an expansion tank;
connecting pipe immediately above the heating element;
observance of angles of inclination.

Portable registers

Schemes of tubular radiators.

For heating not very large rooms, registers are sometimes used, which are popularly called samovars. They work autonomously due to the heating elements installed in them. Such registers are intended for temporary heating and maintaining the temperature in a garage, dressing room, and other outbuildings. They are filled with transformer oil, TOSOL and other non-freezing liquids. Such a system can be stationary and portable.

The mobile type heating register is a steel structure made of a smooth-walled pipe. The pipe diameter is usually 80-120 mm. The number of sections is 2-5. The design includes a built-in heating element with a power of 1.2-3 kW. Heating elements made in Italy, Poland, Germany and Austria have proven themselves from the best side.

Registers of the RO series are autonomous heating devices. They are filled with water or antifreeze. The heater, equipped with a thermostat and thermostat, heats the liquid to a temperature of about 80°C. Such a heating device is easily transferred to another place and automatically maintains the set temperature. It is fireproof. On the pipes it is allowed to dry clothes, various materials. Works great in warehouses, offices, hangars, garages and so on.

The most common models of portable registers are made of three sections of pipes with a diameter of 108 mm. Some of their characteristics:

Model RO 2000/2. Volume 50 l. Heating area 50-60 m². Heating element power 2 kW.
Model RO 1500/1.5. Volume 40 l. Heating area 40 m². The power of the heating element is 1.5 kW.
Model RO 1000/1.2. Volume 30 l. Heating area 25-30 m². The power of the heating element is 1.2 kW.

In the field of creating heating systems and registers for them, the development of new models continues. Which of them to choose for your apartment, house or office is up to the owners of the premises.

Timelines

The system has the ability to link data from registers
calculation with timelines so that for any period you can get
number of working hours.

A timeline is a simple register of information, one
whose dimension stores the date, the other is associated with the dimension by a register
calculation, and one of the resources is used for time tracking.

The dimension that is associated with the register
calculation usually has the meaning of "graph type".

date	Graph view	Meaning
11.01.05 Fri	Five days	8
11.01.05 Fri	Six days	8
12.01.05 Sat	Five days
12.01.05 Sat	Six days	8

Why is the date dimension used instead of the periodic dimension
information register? Everything is very simple - if on Friday, January 11, on a five-day week,
we have 8 working hours, this does not mean that the next day we will have
again 8 working hours. But if we used a periodic register,
the value for the next day would be taken from the previous day in the absence of
records.

Thus, having a certain period (actual
activities, registrations, base period, etc.) we can automatically get
the number of hours for this period according to the schedule.

1 Hydraulic calculation of the heating system by the method of specific pressure losses

For
hydraulic calculation is selected
the main circulation ring passing through
through the busiest of the remote
risers. Hydraulic system calculation
heating is produced by the method of specific
friction pressure loss.

Consumption
coolant in the system, branch or
heating system riser G_st,
kg/h, determined by the formula:

(6.1)

where
3,6 –
conversion factor, kJ/(Wh);

–thermal
riser load, W;

-coefficient
accounting for additional heat flow
installed heating devices
when rounding over the calculated value
1,03;

-coefficient
accounting for additional heat losses
heating appliances located
at the outer walls 1.02;

With
–
specific heat capacity of water, equal to
4.187 kJ/(kg*C);

V
two-pipe heating system calculated
circulation pressure is determined
according to the formula:

Р_R=
1.1 Р_e,
Pa, (6.2)

where Р_e
is the natural circulation pressure,
Pa:

Р_e
= Р_e.

etc+
Р_e.

tr;
(6.3)

where Р_e.pr–
natural circulation pressure,
resulting from cooling
coolant in the device, Pa;

Р_e.tr–
natural circulation pressure,
resulting from cooling
coolant in pipes, Pa;

Natural
circulation pressure generated
due to coolant cooling
in the instrument, Pa is determined by the following
formula:

Р_e.

etc=
∙g∙h₁∙(t_G—
t_O), (6.4)

where

is the average density increment at
decrease in water temperature by 1 С,
equal to 0.64 kg/(m3С);

g
is the free fall acceleration equal to
9.81 m/s2;

h₁
is the vertical distance between
conditional cooling centers in the branch
or heater on the bottom
floor and heating in the system, m;

t_G–
supply water temperature,
С;

t_O–
return water temperature,
C.

At
choosing the diameter of the pipes in the circulation
rings are based on the accepted flow
water and average indicative
specific linear loss values
pressure R_Wed,
Pa/m determined by the formula:

R_Wed
=
,
(6.5)

where l
is the total length of series-connected
plots constituting the main
circulation ring, m;

Counts,
that the frictional pressure loss is
65% of P_R.

Pre
Calculate the water flow in each area.
Friction pressure loss ΔР_tr,
Pa:

ΔР_tr
= R_f
l.
(6.6)

make up
list of local resistances on
plots shown in Table 6.1.

By
known speeds of movement of the coolant
and
pressure losses in local
resistance Z,
Pa

Z
=
∙ Σξ, (6.7)

where

— water density, kg/m3

 - speed
water, m/s;

-sum
coefficients of local resistance.

Odds
local resistances are summarized in the table
6.1.

Then
the total pressure loss on
plot, Pa:

(6.8)

Hydraulic
calculation of the heating system is given in
tables 6.2, 6.3, 6.4. Design schemes of the system
heating are shown in figures 6.1, 6.2,
6.3.

Equipment Advantages

The main advantages of this type of heat exchanger can be considered:

ease of use;
ease of maintenance (cleaning);
the presence of a large heat-releasing area with small dimensions;
high fire safety;
economical consumption of electricity in the presence of a heating element;
possibility of use as a heated towel rail;
wide range of applications - can be installed in warehouses, production halls, trade pavilions and office buildings, as well as in hospitals and clinics.

conclusions

If you decide to equip your home with this type of heating appliances, we advise you to carefully understand the features of its operation, as well as study the intricacies of creating and installing registers. Additional reference literature will greatly help you with this.

The heating register of four smooth pipes and the flow diagram of the coolant are shown in the figure below.

We turn on the computer, MS Office and start the calculation in Excel.

Initial data:

There are not many initial data, they are clear and simple.

Pipe diameter D
enter in mm

to cell D3: 108,0

to cell D4: 1,250

Number of pipes in register N
write in pieces

to cell D5: 4

The temperature of the water at the "supply" t p
in °C we enter

to cell D6: 85

Return water temperature t about
in °C we write

to cell D7: 60

The air temperature in the room t in
in °C enter

to cell D8: 18

The type of the outer surface of the pipes is selected from the drop-down list

in merged cells C9D9E9: "In theoretical calculation"

Stefan-Boltzmann constant C0
in W / (m 2 * K 4) we enter

to cell D10: 0,00000005669

Gravity acceleration value g
in m / s 2 we enter

to cell D11: 9,80665

By changing the initial data, you can simulate any "temperature situation" for any standard size of the heating register!

The heat dissipation of just a single horizontal pipe can also be easily calculated with this program! To do this, it is enough to indicate the number of pipes in the heating register equal to one (N=1).

Calculation results:

Degree of emissivity of the radiating surfaces of pipes ε
automatically determined by the selected type of external surface

In the database, located on one sheet with the calculation program, 27 types of external pipe surfaces and their emissivity are presented for selection. (See the download file at the end of the article.)

Average pipe wall temperature t st
in °C we calculate

in cell D14: =(D6+D7)/2 =72,5

t st \u003d (t p + t o) / 2

temperature difference dt
in °C we calculate

in cell D15: =D14-D8 =54,5

dt \u003d t st - t in

Volume expansion coefficient of air β
in 1/K we define

in cell D16: =1/(D8+273) =0,003436

β=1/(t in +273)

Kinematic viscosity of air v
in m 2 / s we calculate

in cell D17: =0.0000000001192*D8^2+0.000000086895*D8+0.000013306 =0,00001491

ν=0.0000000001192*t in 2 +0.000000086895*t in +0.000013306

Prandtl criterion Pr
define

in cell D18: =0.00000073*D8^2-0.00028085*D8+0.70934 =0,7045

Pr=0.00000073*t in 2 -0.00028085*t in +0.70934

16.
Thermal conductivity of air λ
we expect

in cell D19: =-0.000000022042*D8^2+0.0000793717*D8+0.0243834 =0,02580

λ
=-0,000000022042*
t in 2 +0.0000793717*t in +0.0243834

The area of heat-releasing surfaces of the tubes of the register A
in m 2 we determine

in cell D20: =PI()*D3/1000*D4*D5 =1,6965

A=π*(D/1000)*L*N

Heat radiation flux from the surfaces of pipes of the heating register Q and
in W we calculate

in cell D21: =D10*D13*D20*((D14+273)^4- (D8+273)^4)*0.93^(D5-1) =444

Q and
=C 0 *ε
*A*((t st
+273) 4 - (t in
+273) 4)*0.93 (N-1)

Radiant heat transfer coefficient α and
in W / (m 2 * K) we calculate

in cell D22: =D21/(D15*D20) =4,8

α and =Q and /(dt*A)

Grashof criterion Gr
calculate

in cell D23: =D11*D16*(D3/1000)^3*D15/D17^2 =10410000

Gr=g*β*(D/1000) 3 *dt/ν 2

Nusselt criterion Nu
find

in cell D24: =0.5*(D23*D18)^0.25 =26,0194

Nu=0.5*(Gr*Pr) 0.25

The convective component of the heat flux Q to
in W we calculate

in cell D25: =D26*D20*D15 =462

Q to =α to *A*dt

And the heat transfer coefficient during convection α to
in W / (m 2 * K) we determine accordingly

in cell D26: =D24*D19/(D3/1000)*0.93^(D5-1) =5,0

α to \u003d Nu * λ / (D / 1000) * 0.93 (N-1)

Full power of the heat flow of the heating register Q
in W and Kcal/h we count respectively

in cell D27: =(D21+D25)/1000 =0,906

Q=(Q and +Q k)/1000

and in cell D28: =D27*0.85985 =0,779

Q'=Q*0.85985

Heat transfer coefficient from the surfaces of the heating register to air α
in W / (m2 * K) and Kcal / (hour * m2 * K) we find, respectively

in cell D29: =D22+D26 =9,8

α=α and +α to

and in cell D30: =D29*0.85985 =8,4

α’=α*0.85985

This completes the calculation in Excel. The heat transfer of the heating register from the pipes has been found!

Calculations have been repeatedly confirmed by practice!

Application area

Currently, water heating registers are mostly used in industries (workshops, workshops, warehouses, hangars and other buildings with large areas). A large volume of coolant and large dimensions allow the registers to effectively heat such rooms.

The use of heating registers in industrial buildings ensures the most optimal efficiency of the heating system. Compared to cast iron or steel batteries. registers are characterized by better hydraulics and heat dissipation. The relatively low cost of their manufacture reduces the cost of installing the entire factory heating system. In addition, they are not expensive to operate.

Registers are also recommended for use in premises with high requirements for sanitary safety (medical institutions, kindergartens, etc.). Devices are easily washed from dirt and dust.

Despite this, the concept of efficiency does not apply to this type of heating devices. As noted above, heating a large volume of coolant requires a lot of energy.

Registers are most suitable for heating industrial premises.

Heating registers made of steel electric-welded pipes can be used both in single-pipe and two-pipe heating systems with forced or gravity circulation of the coolant (based on water or steam).

Note! Due to the large volume of coolant, which requires a lot of fuel to heat, only enterprises can afford the use of heating registers, but not the owners of private houses, for whom the efficiency of the heating system is important.

Reversing settlement register entries applying the GetAddition method

Storno

Storno - in a general sense, a return to the previous value of any economic indicator; for example, a reversal payment is a refund of an advance payment in the event of annulment of a contract.

It is possible that the calculation register contains two competing entries in the same time period.

Example.

Let there already be a record in the calculation register with the calculation type "Basic earnings", registered in March and having a validity period of March 1 - March 20 (that is, earlier - in March - we have already entered into the system information that the basic earnings for the first twenty days of March). The record set that we want to record contains a single record with the calculation type "Sickness Payment", the registration period April and the validity period March 15 - March 25 (i.e. we now - in April - want to enter information into the system, what period from March 15 to March 25, you need to pay for the time of illness.

When calculating the actual validity period, the system uses the following principle: an entry with a later or the same registration period cannot affect the actual validity period.

Unless additional efforts are made, when recording our set for its single record, an actual period of validity from March 21 to March 25 will be generated, since the period through March 20 inclusive is “busy” with the payment of basic wages.

But before recording our set of records, we can make an effort to change this situation - to supplement our set with another record: the reversal (ie, cancellation) of the "Basic Earnings" for the period from March 15 to March 20. This will lead to the fact that when recording our set, a reversal entry for the main payment will appear in the system and due to this, the actual period of validity of the “Payment for sickness” entry will remain the way we wanted it to be - from March 15 to March 25.

A reversal entry can be generated in two ways:

entered "manually", that is, made by the user based on data analysis;
using the GetAddition() method of the CalculationRegisterRecordSet object.

The GetComplement() method automatically detects the competing records of the given set and adds them to the table of values. It is a means of understanding which additional reversal entries need to be entered into a set so that the current set entries do not have their actual validity period skewed.

In our case, with the appropriate setting of the plan of calculation types, as a result of this method, we will get a table of values with a single row and the following column values:

Speaker	Meaning
Kind of Calculation	Basic income
Registration Period	March
PeriodActionStart	March 1
PeriodActionsEnd	20th of March
Registration PeriodReversal	April
PeriodActionsBeginningReversal	15
PeriodActionsEndReversal	20
…

For us, this table is the system's answer to the question: what is recommended to be entered into the set in order to preserve the validity period of the set's records? In a specific typical decision in each specific case, we need to decide whether to reverse or not. In the example we have described, one of the following strategies can be chosen:

Previously, the user entered false data - he did not know that the person was sick, and paid him for the period from the 1st to the 20th. So, now we just introduce a storno-record.
Now the user made a mistake when entering the validity period, which means we will issue an error message and not write such a set of records.
The user entered conflicting data - we will ask him what to do: post the document with reversal, post it without reversal, or not post it.

Note that for all three strategies, you must use the GetComplement() method to make a decision.

PThe parameters of the reversal entry listed below may not coincide with the parameters of the reversal entry of the same name:
- Registration period;
- Validity period start;
- Validity period ends;
- Storno.
Number of generated storno records there may be more records to be reversed (you can reverse a record in parts, for example, when it conflicts with others twice).
The GetAddition() method of the calculation register record set is used:
- if you need to enter a record for the current period so that it “displaces” the record of the previous period;
- to obtain an addition to the current set of records in the form of a table of values with a structure that repeats the structure of the recordset.
When using the GetAddition() method of the calculation register record set entry of reverse records is performed programmatically (based on the table of values returned by the GetAddition() method).

Calculation of the design of the water register

Heating Register

To make a calculation of heating registers, it is necessary to determine exactly what requirements they must meet. Perhaps it will be just a home-made radiator for heating, or maybe a dryer for things. Naturally, the designs will be different. Location of pipe sections in the water heating register:

vertical;
horizontal.

The first option is extremely rare, basically everyone makes water heating registers from several parallel segments that are in a horizontal plane. In order to circulate in the register, the horizontal segments are interconnected by overflow pipes:

one;
two.

Another type of connection of horizontal pipes in the register is performed using corner couplings of the same diameter, which are welded to the ends. The rotation is made by 180 degrees, for this two corner couplings of 90 degrees are welded together. In this case, plugs for heating registers will not be needed. This connection method is best suited for gravity heating systems, where circulation is carried out due to the force of attraction.

above;
from below.

Heating battery registers with top feed are much more common than with bottom feed. At the same time, the placement of the supply and return pipes can also be different:

on one end;
at different ends.

The most advantageous scheme for connecting the heat exchanger to the circuit is the one in which the supply is carried out from above, and the return flow exits at the bottom of the opposite end. GOST for heating registers does not regulate its design, but the technical characteristics of the pipes from which it is made.

What parts does the heating register consist of?

The calculation of the power of the heating register is to select the necessary dimensions of the heat exchanger. This directly affects the amount of coolant in it and the heat exchange area. The larger the register, the larger the room it can heat.

It turns out that it is necessary to determine the diameter of the pipes in such a way that the heat transfer of the heating registers has a sufficient level to heat a room of a certain area. This is if there is an opportunity to choose, and if the register is brewed from what is available, then you may have to slightly change the design.

Each region has its own standards for the amount of energy for heating one meter of a room. To calculate registers from smooth pipes for heating, you can take an average value of 100 watts. If you're worried that it won't be enough, then just make a stock of 50%. Now we adjust our register to these requirements. For clarity, let's take as an example a heating register of three pipes measuring two meters each. Action algorithm:

determine the area of the room;
we consider how much power is needed to heat it;
we substitute the value in the formula for determining the diameter.

Let's say that we have a room of 50 square meters. It turns out that we need 500 W of thermal power so that the air temperature is within the aisles established by regulatory documents. The formula for calculating the diameter has the following values:

P - 3.14;
register length;
the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the metal, for steel 11.63;
difference between supply and return temperatures.

As a reference for calculating the difference in supply and return temperatures, take a value of 80 and 20 degrees, respectively. If you know that the temperature in your circuit will not exceed 65 degrees, then substitute your value.We will continue the calculation based on average values, that is, the temperature difference is 60 degrees.

Pipe diameter \u003d 500 / (3.14 * 6 (three pipes of 2 meters each) * 11.63 * 60) \u003d 0.038

We received the value in meters, which is 38 mm. It turns out that in order to heat a room of 50 square meters with a register of three horizontal segments of two meters, you need to use pipes with an inner diameter of at least 38 mm. If it turned out that you need to weld the register from existing pipes, then you need to calculate the total length of the segments. To do this, from the already existing formula, you can calculate this value.

The length of the segments = 500 / (3.14 * 11.63 * 60 * the cross section of our pipes in meters)

For the manufacture of registers, pipes with a diameter of 32 mm or more are used, for example, they are in stock. Substituting the value into the calculation, we can calculate that 7.1 meters will be required to heat such a room. This value can be divided into several segments. It turns out that the calculation of the number of heating registers comes down to finding out the total length of pipes with a given diameter, and then breaking it into convenient segments.

Types of registers 1C. Registers of information, accumulation, accounting, calculations

Registers are of different types.

Information registers 1C are tables for storing various information, like MS Excel tables. Information registers can, for example, store information about product prices and discounts for different price lists or information about exchange rates.
1C accumulation registers are tables that store balances, turnovers and accumulated totals. For example, if we had 20 pieces of some goods and 3 pieces were sold, then the final balance, 17 pieces, will be stored in the accumulation register.
Accounting registers 1C - tables based on accounting charts of accounts. Such tables are used for accounting, it is in the accounting registers that accounting entries are recorded.
Calculation registers 1C - tables based on plans for types of calculations. These tables are used to keep track of payroll.

In the 1C:Enterprise 7.7 system, registers and postings were different objects of the metadata tree. In the 1C:Enterprise 8.3 system, accounting entries are recorded in one of the types of registers: accounting registers.