Classification and schemes of internal water supply

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Device and purpose

The main purpose of a water supply system is to ensure a continuous supply of water from wells, reservoirs and other sources. Proper and safe installation of water supply is necessary for the improvement of settlements and commercial facilities.

The system consists of engineering structures that perform a number of functions:

• water intake from wells, rivers, lakes and springs;
• transportation and storage;
• distribution of resources between objects;
• water purification.

Laying a water pipe is impossible without creating a drainage system designed to drain liquids from houses and buildings, purify water and return to the natural environment.

To eliminate the risk of contamination of the ecosystem, a competent sewerage scheme is used to collect, clarify and disinfect the liquid.

To ensure uninterrupted water supply in communications, reserve reserves are provided. This allows you to provide residential buildings and business facilities with resources in the event of a malfunction in the system.

In this regard, we can single out the main task of the water supply system - the extraction of water from the source, control of its quality and transportation to destinations.

When designing communications, the source of water is taken into account. For large industrial enterprises, centralized sources are used, and special reservoirs are installed for local water intake. Hot water is supplied through a closed water intake, in which heating and transportation take place.

Depending on the purpose of the object, the plumbing system can be:

• fire department;
• production;
• negotiable;
• economic and drinking;
• for hot water supply.

The fire protection system can be combined with others, including utility and drinking and industrial.

For the normal functioning of communications, a number of structures are installed:

• water intake stations necessary for the intake of fluid from a natural source;
• pumping stations used to create the necessary pressure during the transportation of water and subsequent delivery to a certain height;
• liquid purification devices that increase its quality indicators;
• plumbing systems;
• reserve and control tanks.

Elements t3-t4

Elements
hot water supply T3-T4 consider
on the example of Fig. eight.

Rice.
8

1

input of the heating network in the technical underground of the building.
This is not a hot water supply.

2

thermal node. Here is the scheme implemented
(open
or closed
) hot water supply.

3

water meter on the hot water supply pipe
water pipe T3 at the heating unit.

4

distribution network of supply pipelines
T3 hot water supply.

5

supply riser T3 hot water supply.
At its base, a lock is installed
valve.

6

heated towel rails
T3.

7

domestic hot water meters
floor-by-floor connections T3.

8

floor-by-floor hot water connections Т3
(usually 
15 mm).

9

mixing fittings (Fig. 8 shows
faucet common for washbasin and bathtub
shower screen and swivel spout).

10

circulation riser T4 hot
plumbing. Also at its base
install a shutoff valve.

11

outlet network of circulation
pipelines T4 hot water supply.

12

water meter on the hot water circulation pipe
water pipe T4 at the heating unit.

How to increase water pressure

Low pressure of cold water in the apartment is observed for various reasons, which should be decided first.

For example, if pipes are clogged (scale, debris), you will have to completely (or partially) replace the water supply. After all, the pressure of water in pipes of different diameters is significantly different.

Otherwise, the increase in water pressure in the water supply lies in the introduction of additional equipment:

1. Pressure pump - will help if there is an uninterrupted water supply, but the functioning of household appliances is difficult.
2. Storage tank.

Each of the proposed options has a number of advantages and disadvantages.

Use of pumps

This is a universal method suitable for centralized and autonomous water supply. Although it is practically not used in apartments, where it can harm neighbors.

A pump is installed in a decentralized system only when the main pump fails (the source is at a considerable distance from the house or water is not supplied above the first floor). It is usually located in front of the main manifold or cross (first tee), creating a vacuum and saturating the system with air.

As a pumping unit, it is recommended to use a vibrating device that is immune to oxygenated water flow.

The classification of injection equipment occurs according to the principle of their operation:

• Manual equipment - needs continuous monitoring and timely shutdown, otherwise overheating cannot be avoided during continuous operation of the device.
• Automatic - provides for a flow sensor that regulates the cycling of starts and stops. The advantage of this mode is the protection from operation in the so-called dry mode, efficiency and durability.

In addition, the constructive division of models is also known, taking into account the principle of cooling:

• wet rotor (coolant is used) - characterized by quiet operation;
• dry rotor (vane cooling) - low noise during operation, good efficiency.

A distinctive feature of circulating units is compactness and low price.

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Storage tank station

The pumping station is used exclusively in private homes. The impossibility of installation in apartments is associated with design features and noisy operation.

The use of a self-priming station is justified when:

1. uninterrupted provision of high pressure at a level of 3 ... 4 bar is required;
2. periodic shutdown of water.

It consists of a tank (1 ... 3 m3), a special pump and a pressure switch responsible for the operation of all equipment.

The station is mounted at the intersection of the internal and external water supply lines. In this case, both centrifugal and vibration type of pumping device can be used. The pressure is pumped directly into the tank, thanks to the ejector - a remote or built-in unit that creates a vacuum in the pipeline.

It allows you to increase the pressure by pumping a certain amount of liquid into a special storage tank (hydraulic accumulator), which is under a pressure of 1.5 ... 2 atm (or much higher for a hydraulic accumulator). The liquid does not stop flowing into the tank until the desired outlet pressure is provided, controlled by a specific sensor. The activation of the unit is controlled by the same sensor:

• the unit starts when the value drops to 1.5 bar (or other established rate);
• shutdown - if the device shows 5 bar.

Most often, the tanks are filled at night, as the pressure reaches its maximum values.

When choosing the volume of the accumulator, it is worth remembering that with an increase in volume, the pumping equipment will turn on less often, which means that its service life will increase.

Compared to pipeline-mounted injection units, the station is more demanding in terms of maintenance. It needs free space for installation. In addition, do not forget about cleanliness (cleaning the tank at least once every 2 days). And the installation of the accumulator is carried out in the basement, on the roof, in the ground.

Pumping stations with storage tanks will provide the daily rate of water consumption

The pumping station provides the daily consumption of residents of a country cottage, even in those places where low pressure alternates with a complete lack of water supply.

What is k3

Production
sewerage

9.What
is T3-T4?

hotter
building water supply

10.Maximum
distance between drain funnels
on the roofs of buildings?

48
meters

11.Name
most representative list
water quality requirements in B1?

Water
in B1 should be drinking (according to GOST and
SanPiN) and cold

12.Name
list of elements of the internal system
K1?

Sanitary
appliances. Outlet pipes with shaped
details. Risers. Collectors. Issues

13. List
list of elements of internal B1 (along the way
water movement)

Input.
Water meter. Pumping plant.
distribution network. Risers. Eyeliners.
Fittings.

14.Most
commonly used pipe diameters in
internal K1?

50
mm, 100 mm

15.Normative
water flow from the faucet to
IN 1?

0,2
liters per second

16. Where
oblique tees are used in K1, taking into account
requirements of SNiP 2.04.01-85?

For
connections to a riser of branch pipes
under the ceiling of rooms in basements and
technical underground

17. Varieties
pressure loss in the water supply network?

Linear
and local pressure losses

18. Where
use straight crosses in the inner
system K1?

On the
vertical sections

19.Choose
range of economical speeds at
calculation of internal B1?

0,9-1,2
meters per second

20. Where
according to SNiP 2.04.01-85 must be installed
revisions?

Only
on the risers and at least every three floors

21. What
steel pipeline diameter range
for internal B1?

15
- 50 mm

22.How
connecting sewer pipes?

WITH
using a socket connection

23.Permissible
pressure loss on water meters according to requirements
SNiP 2.04.01-85?

On the
vane water meters not more than 5 m and on
turbine - no more than 2.5 m of water. pillar

24. What
is a kabolka (stress on the first syllable)?

This
tarred hemp strand for embedding
sewer pipe sockets

25.Range
calibers of vane water meters (VK) and
turbine (VT)?

VC
from 15 to 40 mm and BT from 50 mm and more

26.What
is siphons in K1?

This
water seals

27.Maximum
pressure in the internal B1 according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

Not
more than 45 meters of water column

28.What
devices are installed for cleaning
internal K1?

Revisions
and cleaning

29. Ways
laying water pipes in buildings
according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

Polymer
lay pipes hidden. metal
pipes - open

30. Specify
calculated fillings in K1 pipes?

0,3-0,6

31. Ways
plumbing fixtures?

On the
supports. On brackets. On pendants.

32.Permissible
sewage flow rate interval
water in the sewer (m/s)?

0,7
-4.0 m/s

33.Minimum
free heads in front of mixers for
sinks and with a shower according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

2
and 3 meters of water

34. Why
install siphons (water seals) in
systems K2?

From
freezing of gutters and
open issues

35. Ways
connections of pipes of an internal water supply system?

threaded,
welded, flanged, adhesive

36. What is
sewer pipe slope range?

1/d-0.15

37.Diameters
fire hydrants for indoor B2?

Not
less than 50 mm

38.What
is the K4 system?

Systems
with mechanically polluted sewage
waters

39.What
such deluge and sprinkler
installations?

Deluge
- water curtains for fire extinguishing.
Sprinkler - area irrigation

40.What
apply methods of testing the internal
sewers K1 and K2?

K1
pouring method 75% of devices, K2 filling
riser to the roof mark for 10 minutes

41. Regulatory
the value of the water flow from the fireman
crane

Installation, testing and operation of internal water pipes

INSTALLATION OF INTERNAL WATER PIPELINES

Works
installation of internal plumbing
buildings are usually performed by specialized
installation companies that
are subcontractors
in relation to purely construction
organizations (general contractors), for example,
any installation company in relation to
to the building trust.

Installation
carried out in accordance with the provisions
SNiP 3.05.01-85 "Internal sanitary
systems." Before installation, before
how installers will come to the construction site
object, builders must do:

1)
carry out basic construction work,
that is, to build foundations, walls,
ceilings, coverings, partitions and
etc., but before finishing work;

2)
punch all mounting holes in
walls, ceilings and partitions for
passage of pipelines and equipment;

3)
install mounting hardware
in walls, ceilings and partitions
for fastening pipelines and equipment;

4)
dig trenches for water supply entries;

5)
draw 0.5 meter marks on the walls
above the floor level, since the very level
no gender yet.

Mounting
The organization does the following:

—
installation design (drawing up
sketches and drawings of blanks for workers
drawings and field measurements);

—
procurement work (cutting pipes,
threads at their ends, making
blanks);

—
the actual installation on site (it
is always carried out according to the method "from below
- up").

Methods
mounting:

2.
Blocks.
Performed for buildings according to standard
projects.

3.
Sanitary
cabins.
Used in large-panel
housing construction. Main pipelines and
fittings installed in the cab at the factory,
and in the conditions of building a cabin, you only need
carefully join along the axes.

How
plumbing completed -
The next step is testing.

TRIAL
INTERNAL WATER SUPPLY

Trial
mounted internal system
plumbing is carried out in the presence
commissions composed of representatives:

a)
customer;

b)
general contractor (construction organization);

v)
subcontractor (installer).

1)
Costs.
For example, the normal consumption of cold
water from a tap or faucet must be
not less than 0.2 l/s.

2)
Heads.
The minimum free head at the most
remote and highest draw-off
appliance on the top floor should not be
less than 2-3 meters of water column.

3)
The system must match the project
by size, elevation, diameter
pipes, their material, including
indicators of water quality.

4)
There should be no leaks and
leaks in pipelines.

Trial
internal plumbing is carried out in
for 10 minutes at a pressure of one and a half
times the maximum allowable
excess (gauge) pressure
for this system. For example, for
household and drinking water supply
maximum allowable excess
(gauge) pressure is
0.45 MPa or 45 meters of water column.
Then the test pressure will be
0.675 MPa or 67.5 m w.c. Art. If the system
successfully passed the pressure test,
that is, it did not flow, then finally
an act of manometric
form leak test
Appendix 3 of SNiP 3.05.01-85, which
signed by representatives
the above commission.

After
testing the internal plumbing system
ready to be put into operation.

EXPLOITATION
INTERNAL WATER SUPPLY

Exploitation
internal plumbing is located in
maintained by PZHREU (production
housing-repair-operational
plots) or run by the department of the main
energy or enterprise mechanics -
it depends on the property of the building
(municipal or departmental) and from
system type (B1, B2, B3, T3-T4).

Executed
works are as follows:

—
current repairs at the request of residents
(change of valve gaskets, replacement of faulty
fittings, equipment, elimination
leaks in pipes, installation of clamps,
replacement of pipe sections with a high degree of
corrosion damage, etc.);

—
capital repairs with replacement of pipelines
(after 15-20 years with steel pipelines
or after 50 years with plastic
pipes).

media center
link: SNiP
3.05.01-85. Internal sanitary
systems.

1. Choosing an internal plumbing scheme

Internal plumbing
building is a system
pipelines and devices intended
for supplying water from the city tap
networks for sanitary appliances,
fire hydrants, technological
equipment. Accordingly, the system
water supplies are classified as
household and drinking, fire-fighting
and technological.

In buildings representing an increased
fire hazard (according to the list
in the regulatory literature
),
including in residential buildings with a height of 12 and
more floors apply combined
system of household and drinking and
fire water supply. At
lower number of storeys of residential buildings and in
buildings not included in this list,
– only the system of household and drinking water
water supply, which in industrial
buildings is usually combined with a system
technological water supply.

Internal plumbing includes
the following elements: entry into the building,
water metering unit, distribution network
(main pipelines, risers,
water meters on branches to individual
consumers, connections to sanitary
appliances), water folding, mixing,
shutoff and control valves. Besides
In addition, the building's water supply system
may have a pumping station
and control tank (water
tank or hydropneumatic tank).

Choosing an internal plumbing scheme
produced on the basis of mode analysis
building water consumption and comparisons
guaranteed pressure in the outer
water supply network H_gar,
specified in the initial data for
water supply system design
or technical conditions, and pressure,
required for water supply of a particular
buildingH_tr,m. Approximately the required pressure is determined
according to the formula

,
(1.1)

where n–
storey of the building.

With a sufficiently high pressure in the outer
water supply network
(H_tr

H_gar)a simple water supply scheme is used
buildings (Fig. 1.1).

With insufficient pressure in the outer
water supply network, i.e. H_tr
>
H_gar, schemes with a pumping station are used
swap.

Rice. 1.1. Simple
building water supply scheme: 1
- water fittings; 2
- connections to devices; 3
- apartment water meter (water meter); 4
- riser; 5
– main pipeline;
6 - water meter
building node;
7 – input; 8
- outdoor water pipeline
networks

Autonomous plumbing specifics

The peculiarity of the "private" water supply is that the adjustment of the water pressure in the apartment depends solely on the wishes of the owner. So, it can change the working pressure of the pipeline, setting it from 1 bar (practically gravity water supply) to 4 or 6 bar (lawn irrigation).

It should be noted that the operation of a decentralized system depends not only on the fixed pressure, but also on the flow rate (average daily).

The optimal pressure in the water supply in the apartment is calculated by the owner himself. He will be able to adjust the water pressure in the apartment in such a way that:

1. have the opportunity to soak in the bathroom by turning on the irrigation system;
2. forget about expensive replacement of valves and fittings.

That is why a "private" system is the best choice for a country estate, which allows you to provide a flow rate of at least 1.5 l / s. At the same time, the possibility of simultaneous connection of several points (devices) is guaranteed.

With a minimum value, it’s clear, but what is the maximum allowable indicator? The following indicators affect the water pressure in the apartment:

• the performance of the pump (or several units) installed at the water intake points;
• lifting liquid from a source (well or borehole).

For example, if the pump is able to pump out more than 0.5 cubic meters of liquid (generated daily by the source) with a pressure of at least 1.5 l / s, you can get a critical pressure within 6 atm (leaks occur, plumbing wears out prematurely). However, only a part of artesian sources have such a debit (well productivity).

Autonomous water supply will provide good pressure in the pipes

Owners of "low-pressure" wells, faced with the problem of low pressure, are overcome by the question: "How to increase the pressure in the water supply system?". After all, they hardly provide for the needs of a family of 3-4 people, which is explained by the periodic emptying of the well.

When selecting pumping equipment, its performance should be taken into account in accordance with the planned water consumption. It is recommended to proceed from the average daily consumption (fixes the water meter), which is determined by the summer months (maximum consumption).