How smell became a social phenomenon
In the 17th century, smells were already divided into decent and marginal. Vinegar and garlic with a head betray low origin. The aroma of myrrh and flowers marks the bourgeois or the nobility. In 1709, French perfumers, carried away by the idea of class, created “royal perfumes” for the aristocracy, “bourgeois” perfumes for the middle class, but they refused to make perfumes for the poor - they believed that they would have enough disinfectants. But the court of King Louis XV of France from 1715 to 1774 was known as La Cour Parfumée - fragrant court.
Body odor researchers in the 18th century were still trying to connect bad smell with anything, including, but not limited to, poverty. They looked for the dependence of stench on climate, nutrition, professions and temperament. The objects of their research were drunkards, patients with gangrene, grooms and other odorous elements of society.
From primitive research in the field of non-verbal communications, a separate science has emerged that studies the role of smells in human communication - olfaction. When it comes to olfactory features, culture or violence, it means not just the perception of the surrounding smell, but the interpretation of the external environment through smells. Olfaction considers the processes that occur at the subconscious level, are associated with the work of the central nervous system and form the personality through olfactory signals.
The fragrant court of Louis XV existed as if in a separate universe, while the urban population shamelessly poured household waste directly into the street, which caused a suffocating stench in the air.
Olfactory terror in the USSR
The smell as a repressive tool has been tested by time and was used not only by the French bourgeoisie. The weakness of the human sense of smell makes it possible to humiliate racial, social and ethnic groups. The unenviable fate of being declassified according to the olfactory principle befell the Russian intelligentsia in the first decades of Soviet power.
Pre-revolutionary Russia borrowed its ideas about odor culture from Europe. The opposition "clean - dirty" ideally fell on the lifestyle of the nobility: a pleasant smell was equal to a decent society, curled behind wealthy and educated people. Bathrooms and toilets are almost ubiquitous; by 1905, 63% of the crappiest apartments in St. Petersburg were equipped with water closets.
The fragrant intelligentsia was opposed by the "unwashed working class" and the smell of factory production. The October Revolution and the Civil War transformed the social olfactory landscape. The Soviet government turned the odor hierarchy on its head, pushed the intelligentsia into marginal positions, and placed the working periphery in the position of privileged members of society. However, if the intelligentsia quickly lost its smell (poverty, moving and stress made their own adjustments to everyday life), then the behavior and smell of the new proletarian elite remained the same for some time.
The smell becomes repressive when it accompanies a violent act in any of its forms - physical, cultural or social, says culturologist Ekaterina Zhiritskaya. Having left for emigration or finding themselves in difficult conditions of Soviet paramilitary life, the former intelligentsia was forced to leave behind their traditions and habits. Their personal property was alienated in favor of people who, as the noble sense of smell suggested, were actually still marginalized.
The surrounding world was filled with a persistent smell of carbolic acid, kerosene, blood and feces.
The smell of perfume drew attention to the noble past and caused hatred. Perfume-producing factories were closed by the authorities “as unnecessary”
Very soon, however, something unpleasant became clear: the proletarians raised in the social hierarchy imitated the humiliated class and found their way of life attractive. They simply did not know another example of a good life.
It became clear the need to reinvent odor landmarks, making them part of the new ideology. The Soviet authorities quickly found a way out: they borrowed ideas from the elite trampled into the dirt, which they simultaneously destroyed with propaganda and associated with marginal fragrances.
How stench is perceived in primitive cultures
Unpleasant odors accompany the transition from non-existence to life, appear in the process of maturation and come out at the time of death. Smells are especially noticeable in the "boundary" states of the body and society, and this determined their role in ritual practices, researchers of primitive communities believe. Being "unclean" and smelling means being in the status of a marginal, and in some cases even being dead.
A person of Western culture perceives an unpleasant smell unequivocally: any stench is a threat to order that must be destroyed. For the people of Eastern Indonesia, the Bouli are not so obvious: they consider unpleasant odors both the basis of society and the main threat to the social order.
The Bulls have always led a nomadic lifestyle. According to legend, for the first time they had to go on a journey because of the unbearable smell of the rotting bodies of the giant progenitors Papudou and Watovato. The tribes moved from place to place, and each time, like a curse, they were driven by an unbearable cadaverous smell. And then came the colonizers, Protestants from the Missionary Society of Utrecht. The introduction of Christianity put an end to the tradition of nomadism, but unpleasant odors still rule the life of the tribe.
A great example of this is funerals. The deceased boules are buried in a great hurry, because they believe that the smell wafting from the body is dangerous and attracts witches. The tradition of burial in Christianity puts the tribe at risk, assigning burial, at best, the next day after death. The boule community found a way out: using the witches' weakness for smell, they carry away the ashes of the previously deceased and lure enemies further from the settlement.
Fear of the smell of decay holds many primitive communities together. Some peoples of Indonesia and Melanesia keep the corpse in a sealed room or tank for a very long time - until it decomposes to a skeleton. It is believed that a person leaves the world at the moment when the flesh peels off the bones, only after that the remains can be buried.
A strange smell is not always a sign of illness.
It would be a mistake to say that an unusual body odor can occur solely due to a disease. Often uncharacteristic body odors can be the result of eating certain foods. But in this case, the stench remains relatively short, while the changes caused by the disease are of a stable nature.
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So, one of the most common causes of bad breath is spices - garlic, onions, hot spices, curry. Red meat and some very spicy herbs also have the ability to give body odor a specific aroma. Fans of coffee, strong tea, chocolate, alcoholic beverages and sweet soda should be prepared for the fact that the abuse of these products can also lead to increased sweating and the appearance of an unpleasant odor in body fluids.
Everyone who decides to switch to a low-carbohydrate diet should understand that such a principle of nutrition will affect not only the figure (it will help to lose weight), but also cause changes in body odors. A low-carb diet causes an increase in ketone bodies in the body, which can cause the smell of acetone.Frequent consumption of dairy products in large quantities increases the levels of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan in the body, which can also provoke the formation of an unpleasant odor. And of course, smoking affects body odor, which is why all smokers smell very specific. And we are not talking about clothes soaked in cigarette smoke, but about changes in the smell of sweat itself.
Diseases manifest themselves in different ways. One of the most common signs that something is wrong in the body is pain. But this is not the only symptom. Some diseases can be recognized by smell, usually unpleasant. You already know what these diseases are and what smells should alert you.
More fresh and relevant health information on our Telegram channel. Subscribe: https://t.me/foodandhealthru
Article author:
Medvedeva Larisa Anatolievna
Specialty: therapist, nephrologist.
General experience: 18 years.
Place of work: Novorossiysk, medical center "Nefros".
Education: 1994-2000 Stavropol State Medical Academy.
Training:
- 2014 - "Therapy" full-time advanced training courses on the basis of the State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuban State Medical University".
- 2014 - "Nephrology" full-time advanced training courses on the basis of Stavropol State Medical University.
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Teleportation of smells
A team of scientists from the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Keio University, Japan, has been working since 2013 on a new technique to digitize taste and color. A clear beaker filled with distilled water was placed in front of the subjects. An LED light was activated in the glass, repeating the color of lemonade. The electrodes embedded in the top of the glass irritated the taste buds of the tongue, imitating the same taste sensations in the taster as when drinking lemonade.
The prototype of the device could reproduce only four basic tastes: sweet, bitter, salty and sour (therefore, the experiment was set on lemonade). Scientists plan to add smells to taste sensations to make products more realistic.
Scientists from the University of York (Canada) and the University of Warwick (UK) were the first in the world to be able to send a text message using smell. The text was entered on the Arduino Uno board in binary code. Then, an atomizer connected to the Arduino sprayed a pair of isopropyl alcohol towards the receiver. The presence of vapors in the air corresponds to one, the absence to zero.
On the receiver side was another Arduino Uno microcontroller with three sensors for different substances. The controller decodes the message, recognizing an increase in alcohol vapor as one and a decrease as zero.
Other experiments are also being carried out, the purpose of which is to preserve the smell and quickly transmit it over a distance. But the question arises, what is the ultimate goal of all research - science for the sake of science or the creation of a real product in demand on the market?
Transfer and synthesis of odors
The Meta Cookie is an experimental gadget that attempts to modify taste perception by changing the appearance of a food and masking its true smell with another (simulated) smell. This truly bizarre device combines augmented reality with a scent emitting system in front of the user's nose.
Attempts to convey additional information through smells and technology have been made for decades before the age of the Internet. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, some American movie theaters sprayed perfume to give the movies an extra immersive effect.
Two odor simulation systems were presented - Smell-O-Vision by Hans Laube and AromaRama by Charles Weiss. Both systems used movie theater air conditioners to create aromatic accompaniments to movies. The experiment failed because the audience became agitated and distracted from watching, reacting to smells unusual for a cinema hall.
In 2000, TriSenx showed the concept of the FirstSENX device, which recognized a code indicating the ratio of flavoring ingredients to be mixed to obtain a particular taste or smell. The water-based flavor ingredients could be applied to an edible carrier (unleavened cake) and plain paper. The project did not leave the stand of the only exhibition where it was presented.
Much closer to the realization of the idea was the company DigiScents, which released the iSmell odor synthesis device in 2001. iSmell or iSmell Personal Scent Synthesizer would connect to a PC and start smelling as soon as the user visited the site or opened an email with an embedded activation code. The device contained a cartridge of 128 "scent bases" that could be mixed to create different scents.
In 2006, iSmell was named one of the "25 Worst Tech Products of All Time". Despite 20 million dollars of investment, users failed to get interested in the project. Perhaps the idea was just ahead of its time.
In 2007, start-up Scentcom began work on bringing sensory experiences to various areas (games, TV, cars, smartphones) using a gadget that replaces incense sticks for the home. The company uses ultrasonic micro-emitter technology that directs nebulizers into the air stream outside of a device controlled by a mobile app. Surprisingly, the project is alive 10 years after its appearance.
In 2008, Nokia showed off a prototype phone that could detect, transmit, and reproduce the smells it received. Similar projects were seen at the Israeli startup Scent2you.
And on the other side of the world, in 2008, the Japanese mobile operator NTT DoCoMo was testing a device with basic flavor cartridges that allowed them to create various aromatic blends.
It seems that the transmission of smells is one of those obsessions that humanity will never let go. Will there be progress in this field?
How the world deals with smell harassment
When the off-scale amount of artificial fragrances became a problem, a new round of the fight against odors began. Halifax, Canada has a “no scents makes good sense” policy. Perfume has been banned from schools, libraries, courts, buses and hospitals for over 20 years. Similar rules have been introduced in the state of California. The city of Santa Cruz discourages fragrance in public gatherings, and in Marin County restaurants, patrons can opt for an "odorless" room.
According to a survey conducted in May 2017, 63% of respondents consider unpleasant body odors the most annoying thing in their daily lives.
Concerned about the comfort of their employees and customers, companies are introducing new rules and establishing courses for those wishing to cope with the stench. Their main audience is middle-aged office workers who are aging and suffering from bad habits. They are criticized for bad smell not only by clients, but also by colleagues: studies show that an unpleasant smell can affect performance in a team.
Meanwhile, the market for ancillary products is profiting and capital is raking in the shovel.The Japanese are offered not only new deodorants to choose from, but also deodorizing clothing, underwear and gadgets that measure or eliminate stink.
A tough anti-odor policy is condemned by many and found to be at least unreasonable. Dr. Tsuneaki Gomi runs a clinic that helps the Japanese get rid of excessive sweating and bad breath. According to him, about 70% of those who seek treatment do not suffer from these ailments. Early in his career, Gomi studied olfactory reference syndrome, a mental disorder in which patients believe they are emitting a foul odor.
Psychologist Pamela Dalton of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia believes that people only need to be told about the negative effect of an odorous substance to suddenly feel unwell. The resulting anxiety affects blood pressure, causes rapid breathing and provokes stress.
Help of manganese and activated carbon
Sometimes the apartment smells of antiquity, if the smell was formed due to old furniture, then a solution prepared from potassium permanganate can help. It is recommended to wipe with such a composition only surfaces of a dark shade, since the product is capable of coloring lighter tones. You can get rid of odors in the refrigerator or closet using activated charcoal, which is crushed and a small spoonful of soda is added to them.
The mixture is placed in a paper bag and fixed inside the problem area. This tool copes with odors for 2-3 weeks. To maintain freshness in the house, folk methods should be used, which are effective and very cheap. Thanks to them, odors will disappear, and it will become much more comfortable to live in the house.
Why the 21st century smells like hell
In the deodorized society of the 21st century, life should smell especially good. Alas, many are ready to argue with this. In the modern world, the number of unpleasant and potentially dangerous odors is higher than ever - the fight against feces and sweat has gone sideways for humanity.
Researchers suggest that the increase in the number of complaints of asthma attacks, headaches and allergy attacks over the past decade is a possible consequence of the mass consumption of aromatic products.
Up to 95% of the substances used in perfumery are synthetic compounds obtained from the refining of oil and coal tar. They contain volatile organic compounds. Many of them can cause cancer, birth defects, allergic reactions, and CNS disorders.
Real application
Something that looks like an April Fool's joke. Scientists from the Tokyo Agrarian and Technical University have invented a "smelling screen". The smell comes from a specific area on the screen, corresponding to the source of the aroma - for example, when the image of a peach appears, it is this corner of the screen that smells like fruit.
From the heated sublimated gel granules, the smell enters four air streams. The system changes the position of the fans installed at the corners of the screen, so that the smell in the air flow follows a specific place and is consistent with the image on the screen.
At the moment, the system can only produce one scent, but the researchers say the next model will be equipped with a cartridge to produce dozens of different scents.
The technology of means of "delivering" smells corresponding to the picture on the screen can greatly enhance the perception of viewers. Imagine that you are watching an episode of Game of Thrones in which the characters are eating fried chicken with relish. And your living room is filled with the aroma of meat and spices.
The ability to transmit smells over a distance (or just the information about smells) will obviously find application in many areas: games, marketing, medicine, tourism.For virtual reality, artificial smell is another way to completely immerse a person in the digital world.
In everyday life, we do not attach much importance to smell. Does it smell good? You can eat or just sniff. Do you smell a disgusting stench? So you have to stay away. For most people, these basic settings are the only ones.
Everyone can remember an example where smell served as an additional source of information - a police officer asks you to breathe, and a jealous wife instantly smells someone else's perfume on her husband's jacket - but most smells are fleeting to our consciousness. In the cinema hall, the smell of sweet popcorn only pleasantly complements the atmosphere, and the smell of the sea near the coast is unlikely to focus your perception for a long time. However, scientists from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Rockefeller University, after testing volunteers using a "palette" of various complex odors, determined that our sense of smell is capable of recognizing at least a trillion (!) odors.
It's hard to believe, but scientists say they weren't wrong in their calculations. For comparison, the human eye is able to see up to 10 million shades, and the ear hears up to 350,000 sound frequencies. It turns out that the nose will give us much more information about the world around us - if we ourselves wanted it and developed the appropriate skills.
We are only at the very beginning of the path to the development of sensory perception of the world. It is difficult to imagine what other data about smells science will learn and how people will be able to dispose of the information received. It is possible that thanks to technology, we will learn to “see” and “feel” the surrounding space more fully, regardless of whether we will be in reality or in the VR world.
Liquid
The most popular option is liquid flavors that are attached to the deflector (blower grille). Under the action of warm air, the liquid evaporates. The stronger the blow, the more intense the aroma.
Another modification is a bottle with a special porous stopper or a container with a membrane. There are also spray sprays, but today few people use them. For the production of liquid flavors, the same components are used as for conventional perfumery.
A plus. Long duration of action: the vial capacity is usually rated for 60 days of use. Replaceable bottles are sold for flavors that are attached to the deflector.
Minus. Fluid may leak
Variations on a theme
Granules. It can be a bag of granules under the seat, or a multi-colored filler for an ashtray made of porous material. Aroma sticks or cones. Quite an extreme solution, but some like it. For example, the heroine of Vanessa Paradis in the film "Witch Love". Wooden figurines. Fruits or vegetables carved from wood, soaked in the composition of their essential oils, are a great option for those who love everything natural. Can be a great gift. Sachet. A small paper bag with dried petals and spices is a classic of the genre.
Why is the stench scary
Anthropologists find explanations for the atmosphere of sacred horror around corpses and their inherent smell. The smell, which was unclear in many respects, was in most cases regarded by people as a direct threat. This is logical, because the unknown is scary.
We detect smells through the "cilia" in the sinuses, located at the ends of the olfactory neurons. They send signals to the limbic system of the brain, which is not only involved in the regulation of olfactory processes, but also responsible for emotions and memory. At this stage, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) begins to work, due to which the processes of logical thinking are inhibited in the brain, and emotions are stronger than rational ones. After intense stimulation of the olfactory apparatus with something odorous, a firm belief in something that would otherwise seem absurd is born in a person.
Pungent-smelling plants or mixtures are commonly used to connect with otherworldly forces: gods, spirits, or deceased relatives. Pleasant aromas have long been considered an attribute of divine beings, and bad smells such as sulfuric stench are a sign of unclean creatures. During the sacrifices, oils and incense drowned out the stench of burnt meat and fat, and most importantly, they spread their aroma and established a connection between mortals and the heavenly world.
Coffee odor absorber
Many people like to drink this drink, and some women know that smelling coffee restores the ability to smell. Therefore, the tool can cope with unpleasant odors in the house. In what cases does this apply? Let's say the smell formed in the refrigerator. Sometimes even in a clean unit there is an unpleasant odor. In this case, the following will help:
- grind coffee beans and arrange them in different places in the refrigerator;
- leave for 24 hours for impact;
- rinse the inside with soda.
After such a procedure, no unpleasant odors will remain, the refrigerator will smell fresh and shine like new. To eliminate unpleasant odors coming from the sewer, you need to drain coffee residues into the holes. Then pour out a large amount of water. Thanks to this procedure, the drains will be quickly cleaned and unpleasant odors will not remain. If guests are standing on the doorstep, then you can surprise them with extraordinary freshness in the apartment. To do this, just place the coffee beans in a pan and lightly ignite it. The aroma will be present everywhere.
What did the intelligentsia sniff in Soviet Russia
But the intellectuals had not yet forgotten the pre-war smell, they remembered the old life. Scientists have found that memories awakened by smells give rise to especially strong feelings in people - you can imagine what kind of torment the former nobles experienced when life reminded them of their former status and the suffering that accompanied its loss.
Reconstructing the pre-revolutionary olfactory landscape of the intelligentsia, Zhiritskaya singles out a whole cascade of its constituent spaces and elements. Among them - divided into "male", "female" and "children's" space of the house, expensive materials of accessories, obligatory flowers, traditions and holidays. All this did not happen after the change of power.
Emotional experiences, it seems, tormented the intellectuals more than hunger. People accustomed to decency were ashamed of their position. In the article "Petersburg under blockade" Viktor Shklovsky, that as a result of devastation and lack of resources, the city lost its latrines:
The Russian intelligentsia in exile and in the USSR begged. The aromas of the old life - food, flowers, furniture - no longer accessible to them, forced to remember the past. The workers settled in the old apartments, pushing the former owners into closets. The apartments of the intelligentsia turned into communal apartments, where any division was dissolved in the general closeness. The authorities abolished traditions and holidays or made them inaccessible. Marginal aromas of production, sweat and cheap tobacco have stuck like parasites to the bodies of former nobles.
Methods for dealing with stench
The choice of a way to eliminate an unpleasant smell from an apartment directly depends on the cause of its occurrence. To remove the smell of mustiness, you need to thoroughly rinse all cabinets and drawers of chests of drawers with a solution of manganese. Clothes should be washed twice using powder and rinse aid. Even one stale dirty thing can exude a strong musty smell. Ventilate cabinets from time to time by leaving their doors open.
Pet odors are also easy to get rid of. If your pet left stool stains on upholstery or carpet, mix 1 tsp. soda with 2 tbsp. l. liquid soap and clean the stained area with this mixture. Then cover the top with a damp piece of cloth and vacuum.You will have to eliminate the smell of tobacco smoke with each wet cleaning. Ammonia will do just fine with this task - just add 4-5 drops to a bucket of water. To clean carpets and furniture, it is better to purchase a special product that absorbs odors.
With the smell of dampness, ordinary activated carbon will help to cope. To achieve the desired result, you need to use a large number of tablets: for example, about 50 pieces are needed for a bathroom, and about 30 for a toilet. Charcoal will not only eliminate the smell of dampness, but also effectively purify the air in the room. To keep the apartment smell of freshness and cleanliness, it is necessary to regularly carry out wet cleaning and do not forget to ventilate the room.
